Finite morphism

In algebraic geometry, a finite morphism between two affine varieties is a dense regular map which induces isomorphic inclusion between their coordinate rings, such that is integral over. This definition can be extended to the quasi-projective varieties, such that a regular map between quasiprojective varieties is finite if any point has an affine neighbourhood V such that is affine and is a finite map.

Definition by schemes

A morphism f: X → Y of schemes is a finite morphism if Y has an open cover by affine schemes
such that for each i,
is an open affine subscheme Spec A_i, and the restriction of f to U_i, which induces a ring homomorphism
makes A_i a finitely generated module over B_i. One also says that X is finite over Y.
In fact, f is finite if and only if for every open affine subscheme V = Spec B in Y, the inverse image of V in X is affine, of the form Spec A, with A a finitely generated B-module.
For example, for any field k, is a finite morphism since as -modules. Geometrically, this is obviously finite since this is a ramified n-sheeted cover of the affine line which degenerates at the origin. By contrast, the inclusion of A¹ − 0 into A¹ is not finite. This restricts our geometric intuition to surjective families with finite fibers.

Properties of finite morphisms

The composition of two finite morphisms is finite.
Any base change of a finite morphism f: X → Y is finite. That is, if g: Z → Y is any morphism of schemes, then the resulting morphism X ×_Y Z → Z is finite. This corresponds to the following algebraic statement: if A and C are B-algebras, and A is finitely generated as a B-module, then the tensor product A ⊗_B C is finitely generated as a C-module. Indeed, the generators can be taken to be the elements a_i ⊗ 1, where a_i are the given generators of A as a B-module.
Closed immersions are finite, as they are locally given by A → A/''I, where I'' is the ideal corresponding to the closed subscheme.
Finite morphisms are closed, hence proper. This follows from the going up theorem of Cohen-Seidenberg in commutative algebra.
Finite morphisms have finite fibers. This follows from the fact that for a field k, every finite k-algebra is an Artinian ring. A related statement is that for a finite surjective morphism f: X → Y, X and Y have the same dimension.
By Deligne, a morphism of schemes is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite. This had been shown by Grothendieck if the morphism f: X → Y is locally of finite presentation, which follows from the other assumptions if Y is Noetherian.
Finite morphisms are both projective and affine.