Feudal fragmentation

Feudal fragmentation is a process whereby a feudal state is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy, if not outright independence, and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke. Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with European history, particularly during the Middle Ages.
Feudal fragmentation occurred after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity. In some cases, such a leader may be elected, yet wield much lesser powers than those of his predecessor. Feudal fragmentation is related to the concepts of agnatic seniority and principate.

Examples

This phenomenon has occurred in the history of several countries and regions:

In the history of Poland:
* The regionalization or fragmentation of Poland refers to the period following the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth that led to the split of the Kingdom of Poland into several mostly independent provinces, unified only by Ladislaus the Short approximately two centuries later, in the early 14th century
* The fragmentation of the Duchy of Silesia into numerous smaller duchies under the Piast dynasty.
In the history of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, the period of fragmentation that started from around the 12th century during the decline of Kievan Rus'. In Russia, it lasted up until the reign of Ivan IV of Russia; the last appanage Russian prince was Vladimir of Staritsa
In the history of Bulgaria, the late 14th century fragmentation of the Second Bulgarian Empire
In the history of Hungary, the interregnum, Oligarchs
In the history of Serbia, the fall of the Serbian Empire
In the history of Georgia, the collapse of the Georgian realm
In the history of Germany, the period described as the Kleinstaaterei lasted from the 13th century to 1871. Many of the smaller states were eliminated during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars but several remained in their aftermath. Even within the German Empire many small states remained: the Ernestine duchies remained divided until the formation of the State of Thuringia in 1920 and others remained until their abolition under Nazi rule or by the occupying powers after WWII.
After the extinction of the Duchy of Burgundy, some of its territory was absorbed by France's Louis XI, while its territory in the Low Countries became the Habsburg Netherlands, which itself splintered into the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Republic
In the history of France, the period after the fall of the Carolingian dynasty and death of Charlemagne to its unification by Louis XI
In the history of Italy, the period from the invasion of Italy by the Lombards until Italian unification

According to Samir Amin, feudal fragmentation has been mostly a European phenomenon and did not occur in the history of China or Islamic Middle Eastern states. At the same time, the term feudal fragmentation has been used in the context of history of China and history of Japan.