Fairy chess

Fairy chess is the area of chess composition in which there are some changes to the rules of chess. It may involve changes to the board, pieces, or rules to express an idea or theme impossible in orthodox chess. An altered piece used in fairy chess is known as a fairy chess piece. The term fairy chess was introduced by Henry Tate in 1914. Thomas R. Dawson, the "father of fairy chess", invented many fairy pieces and new conditions. He was also problem editor of Fairy Chess Review.
Although the term fairy chess is sometimes used for games, it is more usually applied in the context of problems. Variations on chess intended to create complete, playable games are more typically referred to as chess variants.

Types of fairy chess problems

Types of changed rules in fairy chess problems include:

New stipulations: The alterations most used by fairy chess players, like Thomas Dawson, are new stipulations about mate instead of a direct mate stipulation. Many of them were invented and some became established. Selfmates and helpmates are, in the 21st century, often considered to be orthodox stipulations. Among others are reflexmates and various types of seriesmovers.
New conditions: Encompassing all changes of rules including rules for captures, checks, checkmates, and general movement abilities. Many were invented; some became established, including Circe chess, Madrasi chess, Andernach chess, monochromatic chess, patrol chess,, and Descartes chess.
New chess pieces: Conventional chess pieces are generalized in many ways into fairy chess pieces, such as grasshopper, nightrider, and cannon.
Different boards: One can vary board size from 8×8 to other sizes or use different geometries: cylinder, anchor ring or torus and others.

There are fairy chess problems that combine some of these changed rules.
All entries in the world championships and in the FIDE Albums are divided into eight sections: , endgame studies, helpmates, selfmates, fairy chess, retros, and mathematical problems.

Fairy chess literature

Books and pamphlets devoted to fairy chess:
Periodicals devoted to fairy chess:

The Problemist Fairy Supplement
Fairy Chess Review
Feenschach, edited by W. Karsch