Evidence Action
Evidence Action is an American non-profit organization founded in 2013 that scales cost-effective development interventions with rigorous evidence supporting their efficacy. The organization operates four main programs: the Deworm the World Initiative, Safe Water Now, Equal Vitamin Access, and Syphilis-Free Start. It also operates an Accelerator program, whereby new development interventions are screened and scaled according to efficacy. Vox Media has described Evidence Action as taking a "VC approach to development work".
Evidence Action has frequently been ranked as among the most effective charities in the world, scaling programs in global health whose cost effectiveness is supported by randomized controlled trials. The charity is guided by principles of effective altruism, in particular the notion that charitable giving should be oriented towards the causes that do the most good in the world. In 2022, the organization's revenue was US$127 million.
History
Evidence Action was founded in 2013 as the parent organization for the Deworm the World Initiative, an international deworming campaign co-founded by economists Kristin Forbes, Michael Kremer, Esther Duflo, and Rachel Glennerster. In 2004, Kremer and co-author Edward Miguel published an impact evaluation of a school-based deworming campaign in Kenya, showing that the program increased school attendance rates by 25% and improved overall health. Kremer and Esther Duflo presented the findings of this and other research at the World Economic Forum in 2007, founding the Deworm the World Initiative as an independent organization to scale school-based deworming schemes. From 2010 to 2014, Deworm the World was incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, a non-profit research and policy organization advocating the use of rigorous impact evaluation in international development.In 2013, Evidence Action was founded to manage Deworm the World. Alix Zwane, Evidence Action's first executive director, articulated the organization's mandate as being based on the "gap between what research shows is effective in global development and what is implemented in practice." The organization is now run by Kanika Bahl, a former Executive Vice President of the Clinton Health Access Initiative. From 2013 to 2022, Evidence Action was ranked a top-rated charity by GiveWell, considered among the best internationally for social impact per dollar spent.
Many businesspeople, journalists, and prominent figures in the effective altruism movement have donated to or advocated for donating to Evidence Action, including Peter Singer, Ezra Klein, Nicholas Kristof, Dylan Matthews, Dustin Moskovitz, and Cari Tuna.
Programs
Evidence Action operates four distinct programs: Deworm the World, Safe Water Now, Equal Vitamin Access, and Syphilis-Free Start. The first two of these were incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, and are implemented at-scale. The latter two were launched via Evidence Action's Accelerator program, whereby promising interventions are piloted and scaled conditional on performance.Deworm the World
Evidence Action's flagship program is Deworm the World, a school-based deworming scheme active in Kenya, India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Vietnam. The Deworm the World Initiative was founded in 2007, in response to an experimental evaluation of a school-based deworming campaign in Busia, Kenya. After completing an undergraduate degree at Harvard University, Michael Kremer worked for a year as a teacher in the Kakamega District of Kenya. He returned to the area with Rachel Glennerster, his wife, after completing his PhD, and learned of a local friend's plan to implement a deworming program in nearby schools. Interested in the effects of the program, he organized a randomized controlled trial, rolling out treatments in 1998. In 2004, Kremer and Edward Miguel, his PhD student, published the results of the evaluation in Econometrica.The results of the study indicated that deworming is a cost effective means of improving health and education outcomes, raising school attendance rates by 25%. The study's treatment effects suggested that for each $100 spent on deworming, students would collectively gain another 13.9 years of schooling. Results from the experiment were presented by Kremer and Esther Duflo at the World Economic Forum in 2007, inspiring the creation of the Deworm the World Initiative, an international deworming campaign incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action. In 2009, Deworm the World began working with the Kenyan government to train teachers and other school employees to administer oral deworming treatments to students. In 2012, a full-scale roll-out was launched, with treatments administered in a series of "deworming days" across the country. A similar campaign was launched in India, where Deworm the World supported preliminary surveys of the worm burdens across various Indian states and helped rolled-out treatment to over 17 million children in the state of Bihar. In 2013, Evidence Action was founded to manage and scale the Deworm the World Initiative.
File:USAID Delivers Deworming Medication to Kindergartners in Nam Dinh Province.jpg|thumb|USAID delivers deworming medication to school children in Vietnam
Since the initial rollout of Deworm the World, Kremer and Miguel's findings have been challenged by replications and further studies showing more muted effects of deworming on school attendance. In 2015, Alexander Aiken and co-authors published two papers in the International Journal of Epidemiology reproducing Kremer and Miguel's results with both the same and different methods, showing less pronounced effects on attendance and no impact on school performance. They likewise critiqued the original study's lack of external validity, noting that the original study paired deworming with a health information campaign. After the replications were published, Cochrane updated their review examining the effects of deworming, arguing that meta-analysis of 40 studies provided little evidence that deworming improves nutrition or educational outcomes.
Despite these challenges, many in the international development community have continued to promote deworming as a cost-effective global health intervention. In 2015, an article in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases criticized the Cochrane review, arguing that it included an unnecessarily limited number of studies, and that RCTs often understate effects by treating both those with heavy and light worm burdens. Writing of his analysis of the replications, Chris Blattman, then of Columbia University, wrote that "here are clearly serious problems with the Miguel-Kremer study. But, to be quite frank, you have throw so much crazy sh*t at Miguel-Kremer to make the result go away that I believe the result even more than when I started." Justin Sandefur of the Center for Global Development similarly wrote that "New information about the original deworming study qualifies its findings, but certainly does not 'debunk,' 'overturn,' or negate its findings". This assessment was further supported by a long-term follow-up published by Miguel, Kremer, and co-authors in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showing that children treated with deworming medications twenty years prior have higher earnings, and are more likely to work in non-agricultural jobs. Their results suggest that deworming produces a 37% annualized rate of return.
In light of these results, Evidence Action continues to implement deworming programs, treating 275 million children annually in Kenya, India, Vietnam, Nigeria and Ethiopia. An impact evaluation of Kenya's National School-Based Deworming Program, implemented in partnership with Evidence Action, concluded that the scheme reduced the rate of soil-transmitted helminth infection in the country by 26.5 percentage points from 2012 to 2022. Evidence Action's program in Bihar, first implemented in 2011, reached 80% of its target population, substantially exceeding World Health Organization guidelines. By 2015, the Government of India expanded the program nationally, treating 89.9 million children. In 2022-2023, Evidence Action launched a similar mass deworming program in Lagos State with the support of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health, aiming to treat 1.3 million children under the age of five.
Safe Water Now
Evidence Action also operates a point-of-collection water chlorination program called Safe Water Now. The scheme was incubated by Innovations for Poverty Action, and was founded in response to a series of randomized controlled trials conducted by Michael Kremer, Edward Miguel, Sendhil Mullainathan, Clair Null, and Alix Zwane in Kenya between 2004 and 2010. The RCT found that a combination of local advertising campaigns and chlorine distribution systems strategically located near water wells increased the likelihood that households treated their water. Subsequent work by Kremer, Johannes Haushofer, Ricardo Maertens, and Brandon Joel Tan showed that this increase in chlorination take-up translated into improved health, with treatment causing a reduction in child mortality of 1.4 percentage points, a 63% decline from baseline. The program was found to significantly exceed World Health Organization cost effectiveness standards, and was identified by Evidence Action as a scalable, low cost, and high impact intervention, saving lives for an estimated $1,941. A subsequent meta-analysis of 52 RCTs by Michael Kremer and co-authors confirmed this result, showing that water chlorination saves disability adjusted life years at a cost of approximately $40.File:Nobel 9 Dec 2019 070 copy.jpg|thumb|Michael Kremer receiving the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences alongside Esther Duflo
As of mid-2019, Safe Water Now provided chlorination services to 4 million people, a number that has grown to over 10 million in 2023.