Echinocereeae
The Echinocereeae are a tribe of cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. Since 2006, the tribe has included the former tribe Pachycereeae in many treatments of cactus classification. The exact circumscription of the tribe has been subject to considerable change, particularly since molecular phylogenetic approaches have been used in determining classifications, and remains uncertain. The tribe includes large treelike species, such as the saguaro, as well as shorter shrubby species. Most members of the tribe are found in desert regions, particularly in Mexico and the southwestern United States.
Description
The tribe includes large treelike species, as well as shorter shrubby species. Some species can grow to be over tall, like the saguaro and Cephalocereus macrocephalus. Their stems are ribbed and columnar, not divided into segments. Most have flowers that open at night.Taxonomy
In 1958, Franz Buxbaum published a division into tribes of what is now the subfamily Cactoideae, then Cereoideae. Two of these tribes were Pachycereeae and Echinocereeae. Pachycereeae was a newly published taxon; Echinocereeae was an elevation of the subtribe Echinocereinae established by Britton and Rose in 1922. Studies based on chloroplast DNA showed that Echinocereus, the type genus of the Echinocereeae, was nested within the Pachycereeae, as then circumscribed, and Pachycereeae was expanded to include Echinocereeae. In 2006, David Hunt and the International Cactaceae Systematics Group used the name Echinocereeae rather than Pachycereeae for the tribe. This has been followed in much subsequent work, including a major 2011 molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Cactaceae. However, some authors continue to use the name Pachycereeae for the tribe.Phylogeny
Genera placed at one time or another within the Echinocereeae fell within the "Core Cactoideae I" clade in the 2011 molecular phylogenetic study by Barcenas et al. Possible phylogenetic relationships within this clade are shown in the cladogram below, based on Guerrero et al. and revisions to the Hylocereeae in 2017 and 2020.Genera
"Core Echinocereeae" recovered in molecular phylogenetic analyses in 2005 and 2011 contains the following genera, often only in part compared to earlier generic circumscriptions. Some genera were further placed in two subtribes, Pachycereinae and Echinocereinae. The position of some genera remained unclear, as of 2023. Brachycereus was not included in many studies, but has been placed with Armatocereus and Jasminocereus, both included in Echinocereeae.| Image | Genus | Subtribe |
| Armatocereus Backeb. | - | |
| Austrocactus Britton & Rose | - | |
| Bergerocactus Britton & Rose | Pachycereinae | |
| Brachycereus Britton & Rose 1920 | - | |
| Carnegiea Britton & Rose | Pachycereinae | |
| Cephalocereus Pfeiff. | Pachycereinae | |
| Corryocactus Britton & Rose | – | |
| Deamia Britton & Rose | Pachycereinae | |
| Echinocereus Engelm. | Echinocereinae | |
| Escontria Rose | – | |
| Isolatocereus Backeb. | Echinocereinae | |
| Jasminocereus Britton & Rose | - | |
| Lemaireocereus | Pachycereinae | |
| Leptocereus Britton & Rose | – | |
| Lophocereus Britton & Rose, when it is separated from Pachycereus | Pachycereinae | |
| Marginatocereus Backeb. | Pachycereinae | |
| Marshallocereus Backeb. | Echinocereinae | |
| Mitrocereus Backeb. | Echinocereinae | |
| Morangaya G.D.Rowley | - | |
| Myrtillocactus Console | Echinocereinae | |
| Neoraimondia Britton & Rose | ||
| Pachycereus Britton & Rose | Pachycereinae | |
| Peniocereus Britton & Rose | Pachycereinae | |
| Polaskia Backeb. | Echinocereinae | |
| Pterocereus T.MacDoug. & Miranda | Pachycereinae | |
| Stenocereus Riccob. | Echinocereinae | |
| Strophocactus Britton & Rose | – |
The 2011 study found the tribe Hylocereeae to be embedded within a wider Echinocereeae, but studies in 2017 and 2020 asserted the independence of the Hylocereeae, including within it two genera placed within Pachycereeae in earlier classifications: Acanthocereus and Pseudoacanthocereus.