Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation


The Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation, commonly shortened to ERT, is the state-owned public radio and television broadcaster of Greece.
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History

Overview

ERT began broadcasting in 1938 as the Radio Broadcasting Service or YRE.
Following a government decision, the original company was abolished on the 11th of June 2013, with its 2,656 employees protesting against the closure and continuing broadcasting via a satellite transmission using European Broadcasting Union equipment. The EBU also began providing Internet streaming of the ERT broadcast.
On the 12th of June 2013, the Greek government proposed a successor organization, New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television, shortened to New [Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television|NERIT], which launched in August 2013 as "Public Television". As protests against the decision of the government continued, on 15 June Prime Minister Samaras proposed returning ERT to service immediately, by having an emergency committee rehire selected employees. This offer was rejected by the ERT employees and Samaras' coalition partners.
On 17 June 2013, following an appeal by ERT's employees to the Council of State, the Council suspended the government's decision to interrupt broadcasting and shut down ERT's frequencies and ordered the Finance Minister and the minister responsible for media, signing the decision, to take "all necessary organisational measures for the continuation of transmission of broadcasting services and operation of internet websites by a public broadcaster for the period until the establishment and operation of a new operator that will serve the public's interest". In his ruling, the Council's President found that the government's decision violated Law 1730/1987 which requires "the contribution by a public broadcaster to informing, educating and entertaining the Greek people and the diaspora". The Council's appellate division upheld the original Temporary Injunction three days later.
Until 24 October 2013, ERT's employees were able to offer the television programmes of NET and ET3, and the radio programmes of ERA Athens-Thessaloniki and Third Programme through conventional means as well as over the Internet. At approximately 18:11 EEST, ERT lost their satellite capacity on the Astra 23.5°E satellite after successful lobbying by the Greek government to the capacity provider SES. That halted most conventional TV and radio broadcasts that received the feed from the satellite but did not affect the regional ERA affiliates that produced their programming locally, nor a large part of Athens which is served by a DVB-T transmitter located within the ERT HQ in Ayia Paraskevi. Web streaming was not affected at all.
, more than nine months after the decision to close down ERT, the striking workers still ran 17 radio stations and a single TV channel, from the regional radio studios, and the ET3 Television Building in Thessaloniki. FM and AM transmissions continued throughout Greece with some interruptions and shortwave transmissions continued with weaker transmission power. All radio stations were also available as web streams. The TV channel was sporadically transmitted by conventional means and was always available as a web stream.
In April 2015, the Hellenic Parliament approved the draft of re-opening ERT S.A. and also voted and approved the draft of re-opening this broadcaster.
As of 11 June 2015, ERT again started broadcasting, replacing NERIT.

1938–2013

ERT began broadcasting in 1938 as the Radio Broadcasting Service or YRE, initially limited to radio services from Athens, with the Athens Radio Station based in the Zappeion. During the Axis occupation of Greece, the service was renamed as the Limited Hellenic Radio Company or AERE. After Liberation, in 1945 the service was reorganized as the National Radio Foundation or EIR, still based at Zappeion. The radio services were expanded to three national radio services as well as international radio services for emigrant Greeks. EIR was one of 23 founding broadcasting organizations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950.
Test television broadcasts began in 1965 and full TV service began in 1966. In 1970, the company was renamed National Radio and Television Foundation or EIRT. In 1966, the Hellenic Armed Forces began their own TV station, the Armed Forces Television or TED, renamed in 1970 as the Armed Forces Information Service or YENED. Television was prominently used as a propaganda medium by the Greek junta. YENED kept its name and military orientation until the early 1980s, when it was renamed ERT2 by the then PASOK government. On 1 September 1987, a third station was added – ET3, based in Thessaloniki, with mostly regional programming focused on Macedonia and the rest of Northern Greece.
During the first 20 years of TV services in Greece, ERT broadcasting was limited, starting at around 5pm to between midnight and 2am. Since 1997 the three ERT TV channels are known as ET1, NET and ET3, and broadcast round the clock. ET1 is an entertainment channel whereas NET is focused on news services. ET3 is still focused on Northern Greece issues, although it broadcasts nationwide.
ERT was a major national sponsor and the official broadcaster of the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. It has been broadcasting the Olympic Games in Greece since the Mexico City Games of 1968. It also broadcasts IAAF games while it is shown on privately owned channels mainly in the United States. Today it broadcasts documentaries, some from the private sector, and a few animated shows. With the introduction of independent privately owned channels in Greece in the late 1980s, programme quality changed to a more commercial variety, in order to survive the fierce competition for ratings. This was a major shift in the network's principles that was dominated by wider variety, alleged "higher quality" programmes including documentaries and World Cinema.
On the 19th of August of 2011 the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation announced a planned restructuring of the company; ERT's main channels became NET and ET3, while ET1 was incorporated into the program of NET and ET3. Additionally the digital channels Cine+ and Sport+ ceased broadcasting, and their programming were again incorporated into that of the company's two major domestic channels. ERT World also saw changes in its programming to reflect the needs of the Greek diaspora as identified by a survey conducted by ERT. The Minister of State also said that the company would become public but no longer state-owned.

Closure

At 17:45 EEST on the 11th of June of 2013, the Greek spokesperson, Simos Kedikoglou, announced ERT would close by the end of the day. ERT shutdown caused the loss of jobs for 2,500 employees.
ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace. Despite running a budget surplus on income from a license fee outside the state budget, in a televised statement, Simos Kedikoglou, the minister responsible for media and the government's spokesperson, said that the ERT was a "haven of waste" that cost more and had fewer viewers than private stations.
Later in the evening, some of ERT workers managed to continue the broadcasting via Ustream. Police forced their way into at least one of the transmitting stations, and all ERT transmitters were closed down around Greece, as was eventually the worldwide ERT World feed. Using satellite offices and other spaces that had not been closed down, ERT journalists continued to broadcast to the Internet. The nearest ERT Transmitters to Athens closed at approximately 23:17 local time. 20 seconds later, channel 902TV retransmits the ERT signal, although a few minutes later, the Greek government called Digea, the digital television service, to close the signal due to rebroadcasting the signal without permission, and so 902 was closed for a period of time. This action was deemed unacceptable by most Greek citizens due to the Greek Government shutting down ERT without consulting the National Council of Radio and Television, the official body of Radio and Television in Greece.
On the 12th of June at noon local time, the AS and IP range of ERT, the official domain names "ert.gr", "ert3.gr", and "voiceofgreece.gr" were cancelled in the Greek Internet registry, meaning that live broadcasts on the Internet have stopped, as well as the publication of all news articles. Emails sent to the broadcasters are no longer delivered. Other Internet assets registered by ERT are at risk of being closed, notably the official Facebook page and Twitter account. ERT LIVE is relayed by other sites, such as the University of Greece.
The European Broadcasting Union was quick to criticise the closure, issuing a statement the same evening where they expressed "profound dismay on behalf of Europe's entire public service media" and urged the prime minister to reverse the decision. The EBU made the ERT stream available on satellite to its members, declaring as well that "to be in the EBU, you must be a broadcaster, and so we will continue keeping ERT on the EBU council" as said by the director, Ingrid Delterne.
Alexis Tsipras, the leftwing opposition leader, who would later become Prime Minister, expressed dismay in regards of ERT's shutdown and described it as "illegal".

NERIT

On the 12th of June in 2013 a Greek government spokesperson, Simos Kedikoglou, announced the formation of a new public service broadcaster, New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television. The company's services were expected to launch on 29 August 2013. The service provider employed between 1,000 and 1,200 and was funded by advertising and tax contributions.
Prior to its launch on television, a temporary state television broadcaster known as Dimosia Tileorasi launched on 10 July 2013 on the frequencies of ERT, launching as Elliniki Dimosia Tileorasi. It was closed on 4 May 2014, in order for it to be replaced by NERIT.

Relaunch of ERT

In 2015, the government, under Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras, restored ERT as Greece's public broadcaster and NERIT ceased broadcasting on 11 June 2015, at 6:00 EEST.

Services

Radio

ERT broadcast radio programmes under the name of Hellenic Radio, since 1988. Under this name, ERT broadcasts four national radio services:
  • First Programme, is primarily a news-oriented station, with some current affairs and talk programming.
  • Second Programme is primarily a Greek music station.
  • Third Programme is more of a classical music/arts & culture station.
  • ERA Sport a sports-oriented station, with regular news every hour and sports news every half-hour. During the late night hours most ERA programmes aired a common night program.
  • Kosmos 93.6 is primarily a world music station.
  • Voice of Greece is an international audience shortwave radio station. Under the name of the ERA International Network, Voice of Greece and some ERA domestic programmes were rebroadcast on AM and FM stations throughout the globe.
  • 102 FM is the news station for the city of Thessaloniki.
  • 95.8 FM is the music and cultural station for Thessaloniki.
  • is the new rock music station.
Former, discontinued channels:
For regional audiences, ERT has 19 regional stations with relays. The regional station in Macedonia was the only one with two separate programme streams and a shortwave service. The interval signal for all ERA programmes are several opening bars of the folk song "Tsopanakos Imouna".

Television

Former discontinued channels

Internet

  • is the ERT's official website.
  • ERT Play is the internet channel of ERT which started broadcasting on 28 January 2017. It is not a 24-hour channel, and is used to broadcast competitions when the 4 main channels can't broadcast any event. The first programme that was broadcast is the presentation of Demy for Eurovision 2017.
  • is ERT's movie and television series streaming platform. It also live streams ERT's channels and has all of ERT's TV transmissions.
  • is the website of its Music Ensembles.
  • is the ERT's news website.
  • is the ERT's sports website.
  • is the Voice of Greece's website.

Music Ensembles

ERT is also home to three music ensembles:
The music ensembles' broadcast is called Protos Orofos and aires on the Third Programme every Saturday at 14:30.

Funding

ERT is mainly funded by a license fee, which is also paid with the electricity bill which represents the vast majority of resources in the public group. The fee was 4.74 euros per month in 2013, equal to 56.88 euros annually, but was reduced to 3 euros per month upon the launch of ERT. It is not connected with actual ownership of a TV set.
There are modest grants from the government for contributing to educational public missions. However, since 2008, some commercial resources from advertisers and the economic crisis in Greece has severely impacted the profitability of advertising and of commercial cooperation for the joint production of programs, as well as the collection of license fees on electricity bills.

Corporate identity

The opening bars of Tsopanakos Imouna is ERT's corporate theme music, as well as their interval signal on radio.
ERT is the holder of the biggest in Greece, which includes also significant moments of modern Greek history.

Logo history

Related legislation

  • Formation of ERT:
  • Abolition of ERT:
  • Reformation of ERT: