Diana Deutsch

Diana Deutsch is a British-American psychologist. She is a professor of psychology at the University of California, San Diego, and is a researcher on the psychology of music. She is known for her work on absolute pitch, which she has shown is more prevalent among speakers of tonal languages. Deutsch is the author of Musical Illusions and Phantom Words: How Music and Speech Unlock Mysteries of the Brain, the editor for Psychology of Music, and also the compact discs Musical Illusions and Paradoxes and Phantom Words and Other Curiosities.

Early life and education

Deutsch was born Diana Sokol, on 15 February 1938, in London, England, to Max and Iska Sokol. Her father was a sculptor of the expressionist school, and she attributes her strong interest in relationships between art, science and philosophy to her many conversations with him in childhood.
Deutsch was educated at Christ's Hospital in Hertford. She entered St Anne's College, Oxford in 1956, and obtained a First Class Honours degree in Psychology, Philosophy, and Physiology in 1959.

Career

In 1957, while an undergraduate at Oxford, she met and married J. Anthony Deutsch, a lecturer there, and they moved to the U.S. in 1959. Together they wrote the textbook Physiological Psychology, edited the book Short Term Memory and wrote several articles, including Attention: Some Theoretical Considerations, which was cited as a Current Contents Citation Classic in 1981. Deutsch received her Ph.D. in Psychology in 1970 from the University of California, San Diego, was appointed Research Scientist there in 1971, and then Professor of Psychology in 1989.

Research and theory

Illusions of music and speech

Deutsch identified several auditory illusions that highlight variations in how people perceive music and speech. Some of these differences are linked to brain organization, while others relate to language and dialect. The illusions also show the role of memory, knowledge, and expectation in auditory perception.
One group of illusions arose when different tone sequences were played to each ear. These included the octave, scale, chromatic, glissando, and cambiata illusions. Perceptions varied between listeners, with differences often correlating with handedness, suggesting underlying differences in brain organization.
Using Shepard tones, Deutsch discovered the tritone paradox, where perception varies by language or dialect, indicating a connection between music and speech. She also identified the Speech-to-Song Illusion, in which repeated spoken phrases are perceived as sung.
Two further illusions discovered by Deutsch also show the importance of unconscious inference – our use of memory, beliefs and expectations – in perception of music and speech. One is called the . Listeners are unable to identify a well-known melody when all its note names are correct, but the tones are placed randomly in different octaves. However, when listeners are told the identity of the melody, they are able to recognize it through stored knowledge. Another is the . Using stereo loudspeakers, Deutsch presented repeating words and phrases that were composed of two syllables. The syllables alternated between the speakers in which one syllable came from the speaker on the right while the other syllable came from the speaker on the left. When listening to such sequences, listeners 'heard' words and phrases that had not been presented; often these 'phantom words' were related to their memories and expectations.

Absolute pitch

Deutsch's research also focuses on absolute pitch, which is the ability to name or produce a musical note without the aid of a reference note. This ability is very rare in the United States, but Deutsch discovered that it is far more prevalent among speakers of tone language, such as Mandarin or Vietnamese. Deutsch proposed that, if given the opportunity, infants can acquire absolute pitch as a feature of their language, and this ability carries over into music. This proposal has inspired a substantial body of work on absolute pitch, and on pitch perception in relation to language. Deutsch and Dooley also found that speakers of English with absolute pitch had unusually large digit spans for spoken words. They proposed that this strong verbal memory makes it easier to develop an association between musical notes and their names in early childhood, furthermore to acquire absolute pitch. This proposal also links absolute pitch to language.

Memory for musical tones, and representation of musical structure

Deutsch carried out extensive research on memory for sequences of tones. She demonstrated that short-term memory for the pitch of a tone is the function of a specialized and highly organized system; where as, information is not subject to interference by other sounds such as spoken words. Deutsch also published one of the earliest neural networks for musical pattern recognition. Later, Deutsch and Feroe published a theoretical model for the representation of pitch sequences in tonal music, in which pitch sequences are represented as hierarchies. The model proposes that elements are organized as structural units at each level of a hierarchy. Elements that are present at each level are elaborated by other elements so as to create structural units at the next lower level. This process of elaboration continues until the lowest level is reached. The model has been used by others as a basis for more elaborate models for the representation of musical sequences.

Activities

In 1989 Deutsch co-founded the biennial International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and served as co-chair of the Organizing Committee for its first conference, which was held in Kyoto, Japan. She founded the.

Honors and awards

Deutsch has been elected a Fellow of several societies: the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Audio Engineering Society, the Acoustical Society of America, the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the American Psychological Society, the Psychonomic Society, and four divisions of the American Psychological Association: Division 1, Division 3, Division 10 and Division 21.
She was elected a governor of the Audio Engineering Society, president of Division 10 of the American Psychological Association, chair of the Section on Psychology of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and served as chair of the Society of Experimental Psychologists. She received the AES Gold Medal Award from the Audio Engineering Society for Lifelong Contributions to the Understanding of the Human Hearing Mechanism and the Science of Psychoacoustics; the Gustav Theodor Fechner Award for Outstanding Contributions to Empirical Aesthetics from the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics; the Science Writing Award for Professionals in Acoustics by the Acoustical Society of America, and the Rudolf Arnheim Award for Outstanding Achievement in Psychology and the Arts, from the American Psychological Association.

Media

Deutsch has given many public lectures, including those at the Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., the Vienna Music Festival, The Exploratorium in San Francisco, The Fleet Science Center in San Diego, the Skeptics Society in Pasadena, the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy, the Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique in Paris, France, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm, Sweden.
Her work is often featured in newspapers and magazines throughout the world. These include Scientific American, New Scientist, The Washington Post, The New York Times, U.S. News & World Report, Die Zeit, Der Spiegel, Forskning, NZZ am Sonntag and, among others. She has been interviewed frequently on radio and television, for example for NOVA, the Discovery Channel, WNYC, BBC, CBC, ABC, and German Public Radio.
Several museums have exhibited her audio illusions, including the Museum of Science, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Exploratorium, the Franklin Institute, and the, in Quito, Ecuador. Her illusions are also often displayed at science festivals worldwide, including the USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C., and the Edinburgh International Science Festival.