Demographics of Lebanon
This is a demography of the population of Lebanon including population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
About 95% of the population of Lebanon is either Muslim or Christian, split across various sects and denominations. Because religious balance is a sensitive political issue, the only national census ever published was conducted in 1932 under the French Mandate, before the founding of the modern Lebanese state. Consequently, there is an absence of accurate data on the relative percentages of the population of the major religions and groups. The system of census taking under the French Mandate, based on the legal categories of sex, sect, and kinship, remains largely in place today. The 1932 census identified, organized, and enumerated sects and determined the nascent body of citizens, which were recorded, managed, and produced through the national registries also forged at that time.
The absence of data and comprehensive statistics also concerns all other demographic studies unrelated to religious balance, due to the all but total inactivity of the concerned public agencies. The only recent statistics available are estimates based on studies made by private organizations.
The biggest study made after the independence on the Lebanese Population was made by the Central Administration of Statistics under the direction of Robert Kasparian and Grégoire Haddad's Social Movement: "L'enquête par sondage sur la population active au Liban en 1970". It was conducted on a sample of 130,000 individuals.
There are between 10 and 15 million Lebanese and descendants of Lebanese worldwide, mostly Christians, compared with the internal population of Lebanon of around 4.6 million citizens, in 2020.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic identity revolves increasingly around aspects of cultural self-identification more than descent. To an extent, religious affiliation has also become a substitute in some respects for ethnic affiliation. Generally, the cultural and linguistic heritage of the People of Lebanon is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. Moreover, in a 2013 interview, the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another".Religious groups
The sectarian system
Lebanon's religious divisions are extremely complicated, and the country is made up by a multitude of religious groupings. The ecclesiastical and demographic patterns of the sects and denominations are complex. Divisions and rivalries between groups date back as far as 15 centuries, and still are a factor today. The pattern of settlement has changed little since the 7th century, but instances of civil strife and ethnic cleansing, most recently during the Lebanese Civil War, has brought some important changes to the religious map of the country.Lebanon has by far the largest proportion of Christians of any Middle Eastern country, but both Christians and Muslims are sub-divided into many splinter sects and denominations. Population statistics are highly controversial. The various denominations and sects each have vested interests in inflating their own numbers. Shias, Sunnis, Maronites and Eastern Orthodox all often claim that their particular religious affiliation holds a majority in the country, adding up to over 150% of the total population, even before counting the other denominations. One of the rare things that most Lebanese religious leaders will agree on is to avoid a new general census, for fear that it could trigger a new round of denominational conflict. The last official census was performed in 1932.
Religion has traditionally been of overriding importance in defining the Lebanese population. Dividing state power between the religious denominations and sects, and granting religious authorities judicial power, dates back to Ottoman times. The practice was reinforced during French mandate, when Christian groups were granted privileges. This system of government, while partly intended as a compromise between sectarian demands, has caused tensions that still dominate Lebanese politics to this day.
The Christian population majority is believed to have ended in the early 1970s, but government leaders would agree to no change in the political power balance. This led to Muslim demands for increased representation, and the constant sectarian tension slid into violent conflict in 1958 and again in the grueling Lebanese Civil War, in 1975–90.
The balance of power has been slightly adjusted in the 1943 National Pact, an informal agreement struck at independence, in which positions of power were divided according to the 1932 census. The Sunni elite was then accorded more power, but Maronites continued to dominate the system. The sectarian balance was again adjusted towards the Muslim side but simultaneously further reinforced and legitimized. Shia Muslims then gained additional representation in the state apparatus, and the obligatory Christian-Muslim representation in Parliament was downgraded from a 6:5 to a 1:1 ratio. Christians of various denominations were then generally thought to constitute about 40% of the population, although often Muslim leaders would cite lower numbers, and some Christians would claim that they still held a majority of the population.
18 recognized religious groups
The present Lebanese Constitution officially acknowledges 18 religious groups. These have the right to handle family law according to their courts and traditions, and they are the basic players in Lebanon's complex sectarian politics.- Alawite
- Armenian Catholic
- Armenian Orthodox
- Assyrian Church of the East
- Chaldean Catholic
- Copts
- Druze
- Greek Orthodox
- Isma'ili
- Jewish
- Latin Catholic
- Maronite Catholic
- Melkite Greek Catholic
- Protestant
- Sunni
- Shia
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Syriac Orthodox Church
Religious population statistics
The 1932 census stated that Christians made up 50% of the resident population. Maronites, the largest among the Christian denomination and then largely in control of the state apparatus, accounted for 29% of the total resident population.The total population of Lebanon was reported to be 1,411,000 in 1956. The largest communities were Maronites, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Druzes, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Syriac Catholics, Syriac Orthodox, Latins and Assyrians of the Church of the East.
A 2010 study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million was estimated to be:
There is also a very small number of other religious minorities such as, Baháʼís, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and Mormons.
In 2022, the CIA World Factbook specified that of the citizen population, 67.8% are Muslims, 32.4% are Christians, and 4.5% are Druze.
Muslims
According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2021 the Muslim population was estimated at 67.8% within Lebanese territory and 20% of the over 4 million Lebanese diaspora population. In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Muslim sect in Lebanon was made:- Shia Muslims are around 31.2% of the total population; the vast majority belong to the Twelver branch of Shi'ism. The Parliament of Lebanon|Speaker of Parliament] is always a Shia Muslim, as it is the only high post that Shias are eligible for. Shiites are largely concentrated in the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and in Dahieh.
- Sunni Muslims constitute about 31.9% of the total population. Sunnis are the only sect eligible for the post of Prime Minister Sunnis are mainly concentrated in West Beirut, North Lebanon, Sidon, Central and Western Beqaa, and Akkar in the north.
- Other Muslim sects have a small presence, with the Isma'ilis and Alawites combined comprising less than 1% of the population and are included among Lebanese Shia Muslims. Alawites are eligible for two seats in the Lebanese parliament, representing Alawites of Akkar and Tripoli.
Christians
According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2021, the Christian population in Lebanon was estimated at 32.4%. In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Christian sect in Lebanon was made:- Maronite Christians are the largest of the Christian groups who in total account for about 32.4% of the total population of Lebanon. They are Eastern Catholics in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, but have their own patriarch, liturgy, and customs. Traditionally they had good relations with the Western world, especially France and the Vatican. After 1920 they traditionally dominated the Lebanese government and civil positions, although their influence significantly diminished following the Lebanese Civil War and Taif Agreement. Today the Maronites are believed to compose about 26% of the population, concentrated mainly in the province of Mount Lebanon and Eastern Beirut.
- The second largest Christian group is the Eastern Orthodox that constitute at least 9% of the population. The Orthodox church is existent in other parts of the Arab world, especially in Syria and among Palestinian Christians. Orthodox Christians were often noted for their Pan-Arab and Pan-Syrian leanings, and have close relations with Eastern Orthodox European countries like Greece, Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania. The positions of Deputy Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Prime Minister are reserved for Eastern Orthodox Christians.
- The Melkite Catholics are thought to constitute about 6% of the population.
- The Protestants are thought to constitute about 1% of the population.
- The remaining Christian churches are thought to constitute another 5% of the population
Druze
The Druze constitute 5% of the population and are almost entirely concentrated in Aley and Chouf in southern Mount Lebanon, and in the Hasbaya and Rashaya districts. Even though the faith originally developed out of Isma'ili Shia Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims, and do not accept the five pillars of Islam.Other religions
Other religions account for only an estimated 0.3% of the population mainly foreign temporary workers, according to the CIA World Factbook. There was a large and vibrant Jewish population, traditionally centered in Beirut who fled to Israel in the 1940s and 1950s.Diaspora
Apart from the four and a half million citizens of Lebanon proper, there is a sizeable Lebanese diaspora. There are more Lebanese people living outside of Lebanon, than within. The majority of the diaspora population consists of Lebanese Christians; however, there are some who are Muslim. They trace their origin to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria.Under the current Lebanese nationality law, diaspora Lebanese do not have an automatic right of return to Lebanon. Due to varying degrees of assimilation and high degree of interethnic marriages, most diaspora Lebanese have not passed on the Arabic language to their children, while still maintaining a Lebanese ethnic identity.
Many Lebanese families are economically and politically prominent in several Latin American countries, and make up a substantial portion of the Lebanese American community in the United States. The largest Lebanese diaspora is located in Brazil, where about 6–7 million people have Lebanese descent. In Argentina, there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 1.5 million people having Lebanese descent.. In Canada, there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 250,000-500,000 people having Lebanese descent..
There are also sizable populations in West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and Senegal.
While under Syrian occupation, Beirut passed legislation which prevented second-generation Lebanese of the diaspora from automatically obtaining Lebanese citizenship. This has reinforced the émigré status of many diaspora Lebanese. There is currently a campaign by those Lebanese of the diaspora who already have Lebanese citizenship to attain the vote from abroad, which has been successfully passed in the Lebanese parliament and will be effective as of 2013 which is the next parliamentary elections. If suffrage was to be extended to these 1.2 million Lebanese émigré citizens, it would have a significant political effect, since as many as 82% of them are believed to be Christian.
Lebanese Civil War refugees and displaced persons
With no official figures available, it is estimated that 600,000–900,000 persons fled the country during the Lebanese Civil War. Although some have since returned, this permanently disturbed Lebanese population growth and greatly complicated demographic statistics.Another result of the war was a large number of internally displaced persons. This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah.
Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut. After the war, the pace of Christian emigration accelerated, as many Christians felt discriminated against in a Lebanon under increasingly oppressive Syrian occupation.
According to a UNDP study, as much as 10% of the Lebanese had a disability in 1990. Other studies have pointed to the fact that this portion of society is highly marginalized due to the lack of educational and governmental support of their advancement.
Languages
Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of the country, but the Lebanese dialect of Levantine Arabic is used in conversations. French and English are taught in many schools from a young age. Among the Armenian ethnic minority in Lebanon, the Armenian language is taught and spoken.CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.Population:Age structure:
- 0–14 years: 23.32% 15–24 years: 16.04% 25–54 years: 45.27% 55–64 years: 8.34% 65 years and over: 7.03% Median age:Population growth rate:Net migration rate:Sex ratio:
- '''Life expectancy at birth:'''
Vital statistics
Notable events in demography of Lebanon:- 1975-1990 – Lebanese Civil War
- 1982 Lebanon War
- 2006 Lebanon War
- 2011-2024 – Syrian revolution
UN estimates
The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations.| Mid-year population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Natural change | Crude migration rate | Total fertility rate | Infant mortality | Life expectancy | |
| 1950 | 1 350 | 55 | 17 | 38 | 40.8 | 12.6 | 28.2 | 5.81 | 75.0 | 61.04 | |
| 1951 | 1 388 | 57 | 17 | 39 | 40.8 | 12.6 | 28.2 | -0.7 | 5.80 | 73.8 | 61.37 |
| 1952 | 1 428 | 58 | 18 | 41 | 40.7 | 12.3 | 28.4 | -0.7 | 5.80 | 71.4 | 61.73 |
| 1953 | 1 469 | 60 | 18 | 42 | 40.6 | 12.0 | 28.6 | -0.7 | 5.80 | 69.1 | 62.23 |
| 1954 | 1 512 | 61 | 18 | 44 | 40.5 | 11.7 | 28.8 | -0.7 | 5.81 | 67.1 | 62.65 |
| 1955 | 1 556 | 63 | 18 | 45 | 40.3 | 11.7 | 28.6 | -0.6 | 5.81 | 67.4 | 62.42 |
| 1956 | 1 602 | 64 | 18 | 46 | 40.1 | 11.0 | 29.0 | 0 | 5.81 | 63.2 | 63.38 |
| 1957 | 1 649 | 66 | 18 | 48 | 39.8 | 10.7 | 29.2 | -0.6 | 5.81 | 61.4 | 63.90 |
| 1958 | 1 697 | 67 | 19 | 48 | 39.5 | 11.3 | 28.2 | 0 | 5.81 | 59.8 | 62.08 |
| 1959 | 1 747 | 69 | 18 | 51 | 39.2 | 10.1 | 29.2 | -0.6 | 5.82 | 58.2 | 64.61 |
| 1960 | 1 798 | 70 | 18 | 52 | 38.8 | 9.8 | 29.0 | -0.6 | 5.82 | 56.7 | 64.84 |
| 1961 | 1 853 | 71 | 18 | 53 | 38.3 | 9.5 | 28.8 | 1.1 | 5.81 | 55.4 | 65.29 |
| 1962 | 1 912 | 72 | 18 | 55 | 37.9 | 9.3 | 28.5 | 2,1 | 5.80 | 54.3 | 65.40 |
| 1963 | 1 972 | 74 | 18 | 56 | 37.4 | 9.1 | 28.3 | 2.0 | 5.78 | 53.0 | 65.67 |
| 1964 | 2 030 | 74 | 18 | 57 | 36.7 | 8.8 | 27.8 | 0.5 | 5.72 | 51.9 | 65.95 |
| 1965 | 2 087 | 75 | 18 | 57 | 35.9 | 8.6 | 27.3 | 0 | 5.65 | 50.9 | 66.07 |
| 1966 | 2 146 | 76 | 18 | 57 | 35.2 | 8.5 | 26.8 | 0.9 | 5.57 | 50.0 | 66.16 |
| 1967 | 2 203 | 76 | 18 | 58 | 34.7 | 8.2 | 26.4 | -0.5 | 5.49 | 49.2 | 66.52 |
| 1968 | 2 262 | 77 | 18 | 59 | 34.1 | 8.1 | 26.0 | 0 | 5.38 | 48.6 | 66.61 |
| 1969 | 2 324 | 78 | 19 | 60 | 33.7 | 8.0 | 25.7 | 0.9 | 5.28 | 48.0 | 66.70 |
| 1970 | 2 382 | 79 | 19 | 61 | 33.3 | 7.9 | 25.5 | -1.3 | 5.17 | 47.5 | 66.76 |
| 1971 | 2 442 | 80 | 19 | 61 | 33.0 | 7.8 | 25.2 | -0.4 | 5.04 | 47.0 | 66.82 |
| 1972 | 2 506 | 82 | 19 | 63 | 32.8 | 7.7 | 25.1 | 0.4 | 4.93 | 46.5 | 66.91 |
| 1973 | 2 570 | 83 | 19 | 64 | 32.4 | 7.5 | 25.0 | 0 | 4.81 | 45.9 | 67.23 |
| 1974 | 2 633 | 85 | 20 | 65 | 32.2 | 7.4 | 24.8 | -0.8 | 4.69 | 45.3 | 67.29 |
| 1975 | 2 692 | 86 | 30 | 56 | 31.9 | 11.1 | 20.8 | 1.1 | 4.56 | 45.2 | 58.13 |
| 1976 | 3 070 | 87 | 85 | 2 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 0.6 | 122.5 | 4.42 | 102.9 | 33.74 |
| 1977 | 3 458 | 110 | 37 | 73 | 31.7 | 10.7 | 21.0 | 91.1 | 4.31 | 52.8 | 59.28 |
| 1978 | 3 183 | 111 | 37 | 74 | 31.5 | 10.6 | 20.9 | -109.6 | 4.20 | 51.7 | 59.38 |
| 1979 | 2 902 | 91 | 31 | 61 | 31.4 | 10.5 | 20.9 | -117.8 | 4.09 | 50.6 | 59.47 |
| 1980 | 2 964 | 93 | 31 | 62 | 31.4 | 10.4 | 21.0 | 0 | 4.03 | 49.4 | 59.67 |
| 1981 | 3 027 | 95 | 31 | 64 | 31.5 | 10.2 | 21.3 | -0.3 | 3.98 | 48.2g | 59.92 |
| 1982 | 3 070 | 96 | 60 | 36 | 31.2 | 19.4 | 11.8 | 2.3 | 3.89 | 70.1 | 45.13 |
| 1983 | 3 107 | 96 | 31 | 65 | 30.8 | 9.9 | 20.9 | -9.0 | 3.79 | 39.9 | 59.96 |
| 1984 | 3 164 | 96 | 31 | 65 | 30.4 | 9.8 | 20.7 | -2.5 | 3.70 | 38.6 | 60.30 |
| 1985 | 3 227 | 96 | 31 | 65 | 29.8 | 9.7 | 20.1 | -0.6 | 3.59 | 37.4 | 60.49 |
| 1986 | 3 308 | 96 | 31 | 65 | 29.3 | 9.4 | 19.8 | 4.8 | 3.50 | 35.8 | 60.97 |
| 1987 | 3 391 | 98 | 31 | 66 | 28.8 | 9.3 | 19.6 | 5.0 | 3.43 | 40.1 | 61.43 |
| 1988 | 3 457 | 99 | 32 | 68 | 28.7 | 9.1 | 19.5 | -0.6 | 3.40 | 38.7 | 61.72 |
| 1989 | 3 526 | 101 | 28 | 73 | 28.6 | 8.0 | 20.7 | -1,1 | 3.39 | 27.8 | 64.16 |
| 1990 | 3 594 | 100 | 28 | 72 | 27.8 | 7.8 | 20.0 | -1.1 | 3.30 | 26.7 | 64.48 |
| 1991 | 3 667 | 99 | 19 | 80 | 26.9 | 5.2 | 21.7 | -1.9 | 3.19 | 25.7 | 71.18 |
| 1992 | 3 745 | 97 | 20 | 78 | 25.9 | 5.2 | 20.7 | 0 | 3.08 | 24.8 | 71.19 |
| 1993 | 3 819 | 95 | 20 | 75 | 24.9 | 5.2 | 19.7 | -0.3 | 2.97 | 23.7 | 71.38 |
| 1994 | 3 888 | 93 | 20 | 73 | 23.9 | 5.1 | 18.9 | -1.0 | 2.87 | 22.5 | 71.68 |
| 1995 | 3 960 | 92 | 20 | 72 | 23.1 | 5.0 | 18.2 | 0 | 2.78 | 21.5 | 72.04 |
| 1996 | 4 034 | 91 | 20 | 72 | 22.7 | 4.9 | 17.7 | 0.5 | 2.74 | 20.6 | 72.29 |
| 1997 | 4 108 | 90 | 20 | 71 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 17.2 | 0.7 | 2.66 | 19.6 | 72.78 |
| 1998 | 4 179 | 90 | 20 | 70 | 21.4 | 4.8 | 16.6 | 0.2 | 2.60 | 18.7 | 72.94 |
| 1999 | 4 250 | 89 | 20 | 69 | 21.0 | 4.6 | 16.3 | 0.5 | 2.55 | 17.9 | 73.49 |
| 2000 | 4 321 | 89 | 20 | 69 | 20.5 | 4.6 | 15.9 | 0.5 | 2.50 | 17.0 | 73.93 |
| 2001 | 4 389 | 89 | 20 | 69 | 20.2 | 4.5 | 15.7 | -0.2 | 2.46 | 15.9 | 74.37 |
| 2002 | 4 447 | 88 | 19 | 69 | 19.7 | 4.3 | 15.4 | -2.5 | 2.41 | 14.9 | 75.06 |
| 2003 | 4 505 | 86 | 19 | 67 | 19.2 | 4.2 | 15.0 | -2.0 | 2.35 | 13.9 | 75.59 |
| 2004 | 4 575 | 85 | 19 | 66 | 18.6 | 4.2 | 14.4 | 0.9 | 2.27 | 13.0 | 75.98 |
| 2005 | 4 643 | 84 | 19 | 64 | 18.0 | 4.2 | 13.9 | 0.9 | 2.20 | 12.0 | 76.27 |
| 2006 | 4 720 | 83 | 20 | 63 | 17.7 | 4.3 | 13.4 | 3.0 | 2.16 | 11.2 | 76.08 |
| 2007 | 4 810 | 83 | 20 | 64 | 17.3 | 4.1 | 13.2 | 5.4 | 2.11 | 10.4 | 77.08 |
| 2008 | 4 888 | 84 | 20 | 64 | 17.1 | 14.0 | 13.1 | 2.9 | 2.08 | 9.7 | 77.58 |
| 2009 | 4 951 | 85 | 20 | 65 | 17.2 | 4.0 | 13.2 | -0.4 | 2.09 | 9.2 | 77.89 |
| 2010 | 4 996 | 88 | 20 | 68 | 17.6 | 4.1 | 13.5 | -4.6 | 2.13 | 8.7 | 78.16 |
| 2011 | 5 045 | 90 | 21 | 69 | 17.9 | 4.1 | 13.8 | -4.0 | 2.16 | 8.4 | 78.40 |
| 2012 | 5 178 | 92 | 21 | 70 | 17.9 | 4.1 | 13.8 | 12.2 | 2.17 | 8.0 | 78.63 |
| 2013 | 5 679 | 95 | 22 | 73 | 17.9 | 4.2 | 13.7 | 75.4 | 2.17 | 7.8 | 78.77 |
| 2014 | 6 274 | 110 | 26 | 84 | 17.9 | 4.2 | 13.7 | 81.4 | 2.18 | 7.5 | 78.97 |
| 2015 | 6 399 | 116 | 28 | 88 | 17.8 | 4.2 | 13.5 | 5.8 | 2.18 | 7.2 | 79.23 |
| 2016 | 6 259 | 111 | 28 | 83 | 17.4 | 4.3 | 13.1 | -35.6 | 2.18 | 6.8 | 79.51 |
| 2017 | 6 109 | 105 | 28 | 77 | 16.9 | 4.5 | 12.4 | -37.2 | 2.17 | 6.6 | 79.65 |
| 2018 | 5 951 | 99 | 29 | 70 | 16.3 | 4.7 | 11.6 | -38.3 | 2.15 | 6.4 | 79.73 |
| 2019 | 5 782 | 93 | 31 | 63 | 15.8 | 5.2 | 10.6 | -40.1 | 2.13 | 6.2 | 79.24 |
| 2020 | 5 663 | 88 | 36 | 52 | 15.3 | 6.3 | 9.1 | -30.2 | 2.10 | 6.0 | 77.80 |
| 2021 | 5 593 | 84 | 47 | 38 | 14.9 | 8.3 | 6.7 | -19.3 | 2.09 | 5.8 | 75.05 |
Registered births and deaths
| Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Natural change | Total fertility rate | |
| 1990 | 70,903 | 13,263 | 57,640 | |||||
| 1991 | 82,742 | 15,773 | 66,969 | |||||
| 1992 | 94,607 | 18,042 | 76,565 | |||||
| 1993 | 90,947 | 24,223 | 66,724 | |||||
| 1994 | 90,712 | 18,421 | 72,291 | |||||
| 1995 | 91,196 | 19,230 | 71,966 | |||||
| 1996 | 86,997 | 19,962 | 67,035 | |||||
| 1997 | 85,018 | 19,884 | 65,134 | |||||
| 1998 | 84,250 | 20,097 | 64,153 | |||||
| 1999 | 85,955 | 19,813 | 66,142 | |||||
| 2000 | 87,795 | 19,435 | 68,360 | |||||
| 2001 | 83,693 | 17,568 | 66,125 | |||||
| 2002 | 76,405 | 17,294 | 59,111 | |||||
| 2003 | 71,702 | 17,187 | 54,515 | |||||
| 2004 | 73,900 | 17,774 | 56,126 | 1.75 | ||||
| 2005 | 73,973 | 18,012 | 55,961 | |||||
| 2006 | 72,790 | 18,787 | 54,003 | |||||
| 2007 | 3,759,137 | 80,896 | 21,092 | 59,804 | 21.5 | 5.6 | 15.9 | |
| 2008 | 84,823 | 21,048 | 63,775 | 22.3 | 5.5 | 16.8 | ||
| 2009 | 90,388 | 22,260 | 68,128 | 23.4 | 5.8 | 17.6 | ||
| 2010 | 3,962,000 | 91,795 | 21,441 | 70,354 | 23.2 | 5.4 | 17.8 | |
| 2011 | 4,036,000 | 97,887 | 23,257 | 74,630 | 25.4 | 6.0 | 19.6 | 1.60 |
| 2012 | 4,104,000 | 90,167 | 22,792 | 67,375 | 23.3 | 5.8 | 17.5 | |
| 2013 | 4,168,000 | 86,950 | 23,414 | 65,536 | 23.2 | 6.1 | 17.1 | |
| 2014 | 4,231,000 | 88,704 | 25,117 | 63,587 | 23.0 | 6.5 | 16.5 | |
| 2015 | 4,292,000 | 85,453 | 25,275 | 60,178 | 22.3 | 6.6 | 15.7 | |
| 2016 | 4,356,000 | 88,996 | 24,617 | 64,379 | 23.1 | 6.4 | 16.7 | |
| 2017 | 4,421,000 | 90,647 | 25,847 | 64,800 | 23.5 | 6.7 | 16.9 | 1.8 |
| 2018 | 3,864,000 | 89,772 | 25,096 | 64,676 | 23.2 | 6.5 | 16.7 | |
| 2019 | 3,910,000 | 86,179 | 24,950 | 61,229 | 22.0 | 6.4 | 15.6 | |
| 2020 | 3,944,000 | 74,049 | 28,637 | 45,412 | 18.9 | 6.8 | 12.1 | |
| 2021 | 3,966,000 | 68,130 | 34,725 | 33,405 | 17.2 | 8.8 | 8.4 | |
| 2022 | 3,989,000 | 62,868 | 29,455 | 33,413 | 15.8 | 7.4 | 8.4 | |
| 2023 | 3,989,000 | 66,866 | 26,284 | 40,582 | 16.8 | 6.6 | 10.2 | |
| 2024 | 4,044,000 | 65,209 | 26,715 | 38,494 | 16.1 | 6.6 | 9.5 |
Immigrants and ethnic groups
There are substantial numbers of immigrants from other Arab countries and non-Arab-speaking Muslim countries. Also, recent years have seen an influx of people from Ethiopia and South East Asian countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, as well as smaller numbers of other immigrant minorities, including Colombians and Brazilians. Most of these are employed as guest workers in the same fashion as Syrians and Palestinians, and entered the country to search for employment in the post-war reconstruction of Lebanon. Apart from the Palestinians, there are approximately 180,000 stateless persons in Lebanon.Armenians
Armenians have lived in Lebanon for centuries. According to Minority Rights Group International, there are 156,000 Armenians in Lebanon, around 4% of the population. Prior to the Lebanese Civil War, the number was higher, but the community lost a portion of its population to emigration.French and Italians
During the French Mandate of Lebanon, there was a fairly large French minority and a tiny Italian minority. Most of the French and Italian settlers left after Lebanese independence in 1943 and only 22,000 French Lebanese and 4,300 Italian Lebanese continue to live in Lebanon. The most important legacy of the French Mandate is the frequent use and knowledge of the French language by most of the educated Lebanese people, and Beirut is still known as the "Paris of the Middle East".Palestinians
Around 175,555 Palestinian refugees were registered in Lebanon with the UNRWA in 2014, who are refugees or descendants of refugees from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Some 53% live in 12 Palestine refugee camps, who "suffer from serious problems" such as poverty and overcrowding. Some of these may have emigrated during the civil war, but there are no reliable figures available. There are also a number of Palestinians who are not registered as UNRWA refugees, because they left earlier than 1948 or were not in need of material assistance. The exact number of Palestinians remain a subject of great dispute and the Lebanese government will not provide an estimate. A figure of 400,000 Palestinian refugees would mean that Palestinians constitute less than 7% of the resident population of Lebanon.Palestinians living in Lebanon are considered foreigners and are under the same restrictions on employment applied to other foreigners. Prior to 2010, they were under even more restrictive employment rules which permitted, other than work for the U.N., only the most menial employment. Palestinian refugees, who constitute nearly 6.6% of the country's population, have long been denied basic rights in Lebanon. They are not allowed to attend public schools, own property or pass on inheritances, measures Lebanon says it has adopted to preserve their right to return to their property in what constitutes Israel now.
Their presence is controversial, and resisted by large segments of the Christian population, who argue that the primarily Sunni Muslim Palestinians dilute Christian numbers. Many Shia Muslims also look unfavorably upon the Palestinian presence since the refugee camps have tended to be concentrated in their home areas. The Lebanese Sunnis, however, would be happy to see these Palestinians given the Lebanese nationality, thus increasing the Lebanese Sunni population by well over 10% and tipping the fragile electoral balance much in favor of the Sunnis. Late prime minister Rafiq Hariri —himself a Sunni— had hinted on more than one occasion on the inevitability of granting these refugees Lebanese citizenship. Thus far the refugees lack Lebanese citizenship as well as many rights enjoyed by the rest of the population, and are confined to severely overcrowded refugee camps, in which construction rights are severely constricted.
Palestinians may not work in a large number of professions, such as lawyers and doctors. However, after negotiations between Lebanese authorities and ministers from the Palestinian National Authority some professions for Palestinians were allowed. The material situation of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon is difficult, and they are believed to constitute the poorest community in Lebanon, as well as the poorest Palestinian community with the possible exception of Gaza Strip refugees. Their primary sources of income are UNRWA aid and menial labor sought in competition with Syrian guest workers.
The Palestinians are majority Sunni Muslims with a Christian minority, though at some point Christians counted as high as 40% with Muslims at 60%. The numbers of Palestinian Christians has diminished in later years, as many have managed to leave Lebanon.
60,000 Palestinians have received Lebanese citizenship.
Syrians
In 1976, the then Syrian president Hafez al-Assad sent troops into Lebanon to fight PLO forces on behalf of Christian militias. This led to escalated fighting until a cease-fire agreement later that year that allowed for the stationing of Syrian troops within Lebanon. The Syrian presence in Lebanon quickly changed sides; soon after they entered Lebanon they had flip-flopped and began to fight the Christian nationalists in Lebanon they allegedly entered the country to protect. The Kateab Party and the Lebanese Forces under Bachir Gemayel strongly resisted the Syrians in Lebanon. In 1989, 40,000 Syrian troops remained in central and eastern Lebanon under the supervision of the Syrian government. Although, the Taif Accord, established in the same year, called for the removal of Syrian troops and transfer of arms to the Lebanese army, the Syrian Army remained in Lebanon until the Lebanese Cedar Revolution in 2005 ended the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.In 1994, the Lebanese government under the pressure of the Syrian government, gave Lebanese passports to thousands of Syrians.
After the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, Syrians began to flee the country, with many arriving in Lebanon. As of 2013, there were nearly 1.08 million registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon but is estimated that the figure is closer 1.5 million.