Dashain
Dashain or Bada'dashain, also known as Vijaya Dashami in Sanskrit, is a Hindu religious festival in Nepal, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, South India, and Sri Lanka. It is also celebrated by other religions in Nepal and elsewhere, including the Lhotshampa of Bhutan and the Burmese Gurkhas of Myanmar. The festival is also known as Nauratha, derived from the Sanskrit word for the festival: Navaratri.
The longest festival in the Bikram Sambat and Nepal Sambat annual calendars, it is celebrated by Nepali Hindus and their diaspora. In Nepal, the 15-day festival is the country's longest. People return from all parts of the world and different parts of the country to celebrate together. The festival falls in September or October, beginning on the Shukla Paksha of the month of Ashwin and ending on Purnima, the full moon. Of the fifteen days it is celebrated, the most celebrated are the first, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and fifteenth.From the first day, the worship of the nine forms of Goddess Durga is performed in sequence—Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kalaratri, Mahagauri, and Siddhidatri. Alongside this, the recitation of the Saptashati is carried out, and special worship and devotion are offered to the nine Durgas as well as the three supreme powers—Mahakali, Mahalakshmi, and Mahasaraswati."
Etymology
Vaḍādaśain̐ is a Nepali sandhi. Bbaḍā means "important"; daśa͠i means "tenth", implying the most-significant final day of the festival of Durga Puja and celebrating the dawn after Nauratha. The word Dashain is derived from the Sanskrit word daśamī, denoting the 12th day of Kaula in this context.Significance
For followers of Shaktism, Dashain represents the victory of Durga over Mahishasura. The festival's first nine days symbolize the battle between different manifestations of Durga and Mahishasura; on the tenth day, Durga is victorious.Dashain also represents the victory of Ram over Ravan. Ram had defeated Ravan on the tenth day of Dashain or the Dashami.
Day 1: Ghatasthapana
Ghatasthapana is celebrated by Jhijhiya folk dancing across Mithila in Madhesh Province as the beginning of Dashain. A kalasha symbolizes Durga. It is filled with holy water in which barley seeds are sown, and placed in the center of a rectangular sand block. The remaining bed of sand is also seeded with grains. A priest begins the puja by asking Durga to bless the vessel with her presence. The ritual is performed at an astrologically determined time, and Durga is believed to reside in the vessel during Navaratri.The puja room is known as the Dashain Ghar, which is traditionally closed to outsiders. The kalasha is worshiped in the morning and evening, and is kept away from direct sunlight. By the tenth day, the seed will have sprouted to five- or six-inch-long yellow grass known as jamara. The rituals continue until the seventh day.
Day 7: Phulpati
Phulpati is celebrated on the seventh day of Dashain. Phulpati is made up of two words: phūl and pātī.On this day the national Phulpati is brought to the capital by Magars from Gorkhaa three-day walk, about from the Kathmandu Valley. Hundreds of formally-dressed government officials, diplomats and high ranking military and police personnel gather on the Tundikhel ground for the arrival event. The President, as guest of honor, attends the ceremony at Tundikhel. On its grounds, the Nepali Army fires a 10- to 15-minute feu de joie and a 21-gun salute, followed by a military parade in honor of the holiday, and the Phulpati parade of army personnel, alongside a delegation of the Magars, marches past the president, leaving the grounds en route passing by the Hanuman Dhoka complex and towards Rastrapati Bhawan were the national Phulpati is deposited and received by palace staff.
Since 2008, when the royal family was overthrown and Nepal was proclaimed a republic, the two-century-old tradition has changed and the Phulpati goes to the residence of the president rather than at the royal palaces wherein it was formerly received by the royal family. The president assumed the king's social and religious roles after the end of the monarchy, in addition to being commander-in-chief of the army, inclusive of his attendance of the principal ceremony of the day. The Phulpati parade at Tundikhel is still held as an expression of army loyalty to Nepali traditions and culture.
In other cities and towns across Nepal and India, a Phulpati procession takes place. Flowers, fruit and holy symbols are tied in a red cloth, which is covered with a red shawl and carried on a decorated log. Townspeople offer flowers and fruit as the procession passes their houses, accompanied by traditional Naumati instruments.
Day 8: Maha Asthami
The eighth day is called Maha Asthami. This is the day when the most fierce of Goddess Durga's manifestations, the Kali, is appeased through the sacrifice of buffaloes, goats, hens, and ducks in temples throughout the nation. Blood, symbolic of its fertility, is offered to the Goddesses. Appropriately enough, the night of this day is called Kal Ratri, after the form of Durga worshipped on this day. It is also the norm for buffaloes to be sacrificed in the courtyards of all the land revenue offices in the country on this day. The old palace in Kathmandu Durbar Square, as well as the presidential palace, is active throughout the night with worship and sacrifices in almost every courtyard.On midnight of the very day of the Dashain, a total of 54 buffaloes and 54 goats are sacrificed in observance of the rites. After the offering of the blood, the meat is taken home and cooked as "prasad", or food blessed by divinity. This food is offered in tiny leaf plates to the household gods, and then distributed amongst the family. Eating this food is thought to be auspicious. While the puja is being carried out, great feasts are held in the homes of common people. On this day the Newar People has an event called "Khadga Puja" where they do puja of their weapons. It is when they put on tika and get blessings from elders.
Day 9: Maha Navami
The ninth day of Dashain is Maha Navami, "the great ninth day". The last day of Navaratri, on that day ceremonies and rituals reach a peak. On this day, official ritual sacrifices of the Nepal Armed Forces are held in both one of the Hanuman Dhoka royal palaces, the Kot courtyard grounds, and in the presidential palace yard, at the same time, a 21-gun salute is fired again in honor of the festivities.On Maha Navami, Durga is celebrated. Artisans, craftsmen, traders, drivers and mechanics worship and offer animal and fowl blood to their tools, equipment, vehicles and aircraft. Uniformed organizations perform similar offerings to weapons, equipment, vehicles and others. The Taleju Temple gates are opened to the general public only on this day, and thousands of devotees pay their respects to the goddess by the thousands, inclusive of people coming from across the nation.
Day 10: Bijaya Dashami
The tenth day of the festival is the Bijaya dashami, which celebrates the victory of Durga. On this day, a mixture of rice, yogurt and vermilion is prepared which is known as "tika". Dashain tika time differs by year. Elders put this tika and jamara on the forehead of younger relatives to bless them with abundance in the future in residences, with similar events in workplaces and even the Presidential palace. Red symbolizes the blood that ties the family and community together.Day 11: Papakunsha Ekadashi
is the eleventh day of the lunar fortnight in the Hindu calendar, and people usually fast, while others continue visiting relatives and receiving the tika from the day before. The day after Bijaya Dashami is known as Papakunsha Ekadashi. On this day, it is customary to listen to Papakunsha Ekadashi stories and visit religious sites. Donating objects such as gold, sesame, barley, grain, soil, umbrellas, and shoes on this day is believed to lead to heaven after death.Day 15: Kojagrat Purnima
The festival's last day, on the full-moon day, is known as Kojagrat Purnima or Sharad Purnima. The literal meaning of Kojagrat is "who is awake". Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, is worshipped because it is believed that she descends to earth and showers whoever is awake all night with prosperity. Activities that night include playing cards.Animal sacrifice is common, as the festival commemorates the bloody battles between divine and demonic powers. Proponents interpret it as the symbolic sacrifice of animal qualities, and those opposed to animal sacrifice call it an excuse to satisfy the appetite for meat.
Related traditions
Music
has been incorporated into mainstream Nepalese music as the music of Dashain, announcing that the festival has begun. It is some of the oldest surviving Newa-language devotional music, originating in the 17th century.Mantras
While putting tikas on younger family members, elders usually recite Sanskrit mantras as a blessing. Two main mantras are recited while applying tikas on Bijaya Dashami: one for men and one for women.In the male mantra, the qualities of mythical Hindu heroes and antiheroes are extolled.
| IAST | English translation |
The female mantra worships women as various form of goddess Durga.
| IAST | English translation |
In addition to these mantras, other blessings for good health and fortune are given.
Games and carnivals
As Dashain approaches, kite-flying becomes more common. Kites are considered one way of reminding God to stop sending rain. During the festival, people of all ages fly kites from their roofs. Colourful kites and voices shouting "changā chet" fill the days. Playing cards is another way of celebrating Dashain.Bamboo swings are built in many parts of the country, and Dashain swings are known as ping in Nepali. The swings, made with traditional methods, are normally constructed a week before Ghatasthapanathe first day of Navratriand dismantled after the festival of Tihar. The height of some swings exceeds twenty feet, and they are especially popular with children.Fairs and celebrations are organized during the festival. Small village fairs have Ferris wheels for children and other entertainment for adults. In the city, commercial fairs and celebrations are usually held.