Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants
Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "l" sound in "lift". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents them is.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative.
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme becomes velarized in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l", which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards. Some languages have only clear l. Others may not have a clear l at all, or have it only before front vowels.
Features
Features of voiced alveolar lateral approximants:- There are four specific variants of :
- * Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- * Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- * Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- * Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Occurrence
Coronal laterals are often colored by surrounding vowels in their articulation, as the main portion of the tongue body remains free. If necessary, this coloring can be transcribed with superscript vowels, such as.
Dental or denti-alveolar">Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Variable
Velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant
A voiced velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , though the dedicated letter, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted, which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway – though such usage is considered non-standard.If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so:,,.
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.
The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages.
Features
Features of a dark l:- There are four specific variants of :
- * Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
- * Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- * Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely, the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- * Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate, or the back of the throat, respectively.
Occurrence