Mount Damavand
Mount Damavand is a dormant stratovolcano and is the highest peak in Iran and Western Asia, the highest volcano in Asia, and the 3rd highest volcano in the Eastern Hemisphere, at an elevation of. Damāvand has a special place in Persian mythology and folklore. It is in the middle of the Alborz range, adjacent to Varārū, Sesang, Gol-e Zard, and Mīānrūd. It is near the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, in Amol County, Mazandaran Province, northeast of the city of Tehran.
File:Damavand; Clear as crystal.jpg|thumb|255x255px|View of Damavand peak Mazandaran from Tehran
File:Damavand from Mazandaran-Babol.jpg|thumb|257x257px|View of Damavand peak from Babol near Caspian Sea
File:Almighty Damavand دماوند پوشیده ازبرف ازدوراهی معدن کمردشت - panoramio.jpg|thumb|253x253px|View of Damavand peak from Lar river Mazandaran
File:Inbound8331712065858174555.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Damavand peak from Deir-e Gachin Caravansarai in Qom desert
Mount Damāvand is the 12th most prominent peak in the world and is part of the Volcanic Seven Summits mountaineering challenge.
Symbolism and mythology
Damavand is a significant mountain in Persian mythology. It is the symbol of Iranian resistance against despotism and foreign rule in Persian poetry and literature. In Zoroastrian texts and mythology, the three-headed dragon Aži Dahāka was chained within Mount Damāvand, there to remain until the end of the world. In a later version of the same legend, the tyrant Zahhāk was also chained in a cave somewhere in Mount Damāvand after being defeated by Kāveh and Fereydūn.The mountain is said to hold magical powers in the Shahnameh. Damāvand has also been named in the Iranian legend of Arash as the location from which the hero shot his magical arrow to mark the border of Iran, during the border dispute between Iran and Turan. The poem Damāvand by Mohammad Taqī Bahār is also one example of the mountain's significance in Persian literature. The first verse of this poem reads:
ای دیو سپید پایدربند
ای گنبد گیتی، ای دماوند
ey div-e sepid-e pāy-dar-band,
ey gonbad-e giti, ey Damāvand
O white giant with feet in chains,
O dome of the world, O Damāvand.
Mount Damavand is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 10,000 rial banknote.
The origins and meaning of the word "Damavand" are unclear, yet some prominent researchers have speculated that it probably means "The mountain from which smoke and ash arises", alluding to the volcanic nature of the mountain.
Geology
Setting and structure
Mount Damavand rises within the Alborz range in northern Iran, separating the Iranian plateau to the south from the Caspian Sea in the north. This range rises as a result of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates. This collision is similar to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates to the east and does not usually create volcanic activity. Despite this, recent research suggests that a hot region created by the collision is what caused the volcano to rise.Seismic wave patterns from earthquakes around the volcano indicate that a magma chamber is present between below the surface. This is separated into two areas - an inner region of hot, likely molten, magma between depth that is surrounded by an area of dense cooled magma. The top of the chamber is believed to lie to the south of the summit, trending somewhat to the west with depth.
Most volcanic activity originates from the summit area. A few flank vents have been noted, but these are largely on the upper slopes to the southwest and northeast of the summit. A secondary crater, termed Haji Dela, has some young lava flows northeast of the summit.
Eruptive activity
Volcanic activity in the Mount Damavand region first occurred in the Pleistocene almost 1.78 million years ago, but the current edifice began to be built around 600,000 years ago.Its last eruption was around 5300 BCE in the Holocene. Its steep cone is formed of ash and lava flows mainly of trachyte, andesite, and basalt. Most eruptive activity appears to be lava flows, though some small pyroclastic flow deposits have been noted in drainages radiating from the mountain. One major explosive event is known to have erupted about 280,000 years ago.
Quaternary lavas are directly on the Jurassic sediments. The volcano is crowned by a small crater with sulfuric deposits. Despite the lack of historical eruptions, ongoing thermal activity at Mount Damavand suggests the volcano is not extinct. Subsidence at a rate of per year and horizontal expansion at per year was observed there between 2003 and 2008, but was gravity driven rather than a result of magmatic activity.
Thermal springs
Mineral hot springs are mainly located on the volcano's flanks and at the base, giving evidence of volcanic heat comparatively near the surface of the earth. Hot springs at the base and on the flanks and fumaroles near the summit indicate a hot or cooling magma body still present beneath the volcano. The area around the volcano is the most thermally active in Iran and the springs are being monitored to see if fluctuations in water volume and mineral content are useful in crude prediction of large regional earthquakes.The most important of these hot springs is Larijan Hot Spring in a village by the name of Larijan in the district of Larijan Amol in Lar Valley. The water from this spring is believed to be useful in the treatment of chronic wounds and skin diseases and is bottled for distribution throughout Iran. Near these springs there are public baths with small pools for public use.
Glaciers
A few glaciers are present on the upper slopes of Damavand, the largest of which is Yakhar Glacier. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the area covered by glaciation was much larger and the climatic snow line was between below what is seen in the present day. The glaciers on Damavand as well as a few other isolated locations are the source of the few permanently flowing rivers in Iran.Routes to the summit
A major settlement for mountain climbers is the new Iranian Mountain Federation Camp in the village of Polour, located on the southern side of the mountain.There are at least 16 known routes to the summit, with varying levels of difficulty. Some of them are dangerous and require ice climbing. The most popular route is the southern route which has steps and a camp midway called Bargah Sevom Camp/Shelter at. The Northeastern route is the longest and requires two days to reach the summit starting from the downhill village of Nāndal and a night stay at Takht-e Fereydoun shelter in this route at is a newly constructed two-story shelter. There is a frozen waterfall/icefall about tall.
Geography
Wildlife
Fish
Damavand's rivers have brown trout.Mammals
and wild goat live in the region of Damavand Mts. Persian leopard and Syrian brown bear also inhabit in this region. Smaller mammals include the snow vole, mouse-like hamster and Afghan pika.Birds
The Caspian snowcock lives at high altitudes. Golden eagle breeds in this area. Griffon vultures are common. Chukar partridge has a high population and nests between stone and shrubs. Red-fronted serin, linnet, snow finch, rock sparrow, rock bunting and horned lark are native; in winter they come to the lower hillsides. In spring northern wheatear, rock thrush, and nightingale come from Africa for breeding. Grey-necked bunting, black-headed bunting and common rosefinch come from India.Reptiles and amphibians
s live in Lar riversides. Meadow viper, blunt-nosed viper, Iranian valley viper and Caucasian agama are among the reptiles of this mountainous region.Flora
On the southern slope of Damavand, there are remnants of wild pistachio trees. Along its riversides different kinds of Salix trees like willow and oleaster are found. Greek juniper is common in the higher altitudes. On northern slopes, because of higher humidity, there are wild oak, beech, hornbeam and hazel trees like: Persian oak, Oriental beech, Eastern hornbeam, and Turkish hazel. There are also many wild flowers such as mountain tulip and Persian stone cress. At higher altitudes, shrubs tend to be sphere and cushion like, examples are : Astragalus species, mountain sainfoin and prickly. Different kinds of grasses complete this alpine scene.Iris barnumiae demawendica, is found and named after the mountain.