Cycloramphus dubius
Cycloramphus dubius is a species of frog in the family Cycloramphidae. It is endemic to the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Common name São Paulo button frog has been coined for it.
Description
Males can grow to and females to in snout–vent length; the mean adult size for males and females is and, respectively. The body is dorso-ventrally flattened. The snout is rounded or has a flared lip. The toes are moderately webbed. Dorsal skin is granular-rugose and overlain with shagreen. Dorsal coloration is uniform or rarely blotched but without distinctive colors.Reproduction
Reproduction takes place near small waterfalls and continues throughout the year. Males Sexual [selection in amphibians#Vocal signaling in frogs|call] at night from rock crevices near the waterfalls. Average clutch size is 60 eggs. The eggs are deposited as a single layer outside water, but where they receive constant moisture from water droplets or spray. Males guard egg clutches and can defend them aggressively.The eggs are in diameter. They hatch as Gosner stage 25 tadpoles measuring about in length. The tadpoles stay outside water, feeding above wet rocks.
Habitat and conservation
Cycloramphus dubius occurs in primary and good quality secondary forest streams at elevations of above sea level. Adults are found on rocks and stones and the tadpoles on rocks covered with a film of running water, either in or next to streams.Cycloramphus dubius is a reasonably common species. Major threats to it is air and water pollution from industry as well as disturbance of its habitat by touristic activities. Its range overlaps with a few protected areas. It is classified as of "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.