Court show

A court show is a broadcast programming genre comprising legal dramas and reality legal programming. Court shows present content mainly in the form of legal hearings between plaintiffs and defendants, presided over in one of two formats: scripted/improvised with an actor portraying a judge; or, an arbitration-based reality format with the case handled by an adjudicator who was formerly a judge or attorney.
At present, these shows typically portray small claims court cases, produced in a simulation of a small claims courtroom inside of a television studio. As an exception, from 2020–2021, numerous aspects of this genre were largely forsaken due to COVID-19, such as hearings transpiring from simulated courtroom studio sets. More so than other genres, court shows withstood transformations stemming from the pandemic that were drastic and conspicuous, due to their unorthodox process of interchanging defendants for each individual episode.
Court shows first began in radio broadcasting in the 1930s, starting with The Court of Human Relations, and evolved with the introduction of television in the late 1940s, with programs such as Court of Current Issues, Your Witness, Famous Jury Trials, and more.

Synopsis

The most widely-used techniques in the court show genre are dramatizations, featuring scripted or loosely script-directed hearings, and arbitration-based reality shows. The former remained the technique of choice for roughly six decades. By the late 1990s, however, arbitration-based reality shows became the technique of choice, as they remain today. Dramatizations were either fictional cases - often inspired from factual details in actual cases- or reenactments of actual trials. The role of the judge was often taken by a retired real-life judge, a law school professor or an actor.
Arbitration-based reality shows, on the other hand, typically involve litigants who agree to have their disputes aired on national television and adjudicated by a television show "judge". However, the forum is merely a simulated courtroom constructed within a television studio and not a legitimate court of law. Therefore, said judges are technically arbitrators, and the process depicted is a form of binding arbitration. Most arbitrators presiding in modern court programs have had at least some legal experience, often a conditional requirement to participate in these televised programs.
Court show programs are a staple of daytime television, often airing once or twice every weekday. With minimal production costs and an evergreen, episodic format, court shows are easily and frequently rerun. Like talk shows, the procedure of court shows varies based upon the titular host. In most cases, they are first-run syndication programs. In 2001, the genre began to outperform soap operas in daytime television ratings. While all syndicated shows are steadily losing audiences, court shows have the slowest rate of viewer attrition. Thus, by the late 2000s, the number of court shows in syndication had, for the first time, matched the number of talk shows. As reported in late 2012, court programming is the second highest-rated genre on daytime television. The genre's most formidable competitors in syndication have been the sitcom and game show.

Court show genre beginnings

Radio court show era

The beginnings of the court show genre are embedded in radio broadcasting, dating back to the mid-1930s. While television has been available since the 1920s, it would not become the main media venue or even popular until the 1950s. The era from the late 1920s to the mid-1950s is commonly called radio's Golden Age. In the mid-1930s, the Hauptmann trial sparked an upsurge of fascination with dramatized court shows wherein trials and hearings were acted out. As radio fans were denied the vicarious thrill of eavesdropping on the actual courtroom trials, many turned to this venue of entertainment. In these programs, testimonies were limited to the most captivating, explosive portions of the original case. Though there was risk of libel and slander suits in producing court case recreations, this threat was commonly sidestepped by taking from trials of the distant past, with the original participants dead. Prior to 1936, there were only 2 major radio court shows: The Court of Human Relations and Goodwill Court.

The Court of Human Relations, also known as True Story Court of Human Relations premiered on January 1, 1934, The Court of Human Relations represents the very first courtroom series. It was a radio series that offered reenactments of genuine courtroom litigation, presided over by actor Percy Hemus as "The Judge". Just before the end of each broadcast, the home audience was "invited" to render the verdict, giving the impression that the show was interactive. This was misleading, however, as listeners had no way of contacting the broadcast. Moreover, since the program was scripted, the verdict was already decided.
Goodwill Court was the second courtroom series. The broadcast initially aired on New York station WMCA until moving to NBC radio on September 20, 1936. Not a dramatization, the radio broadcast was an early example of reality courtroom shows. The series featured mediator A.L. Alexander hearing the woeful accounts of various real-life defendants. The defendants' cases would be discussed by a panel of real-life judges, offering legal advice. The show was forced off the air by the end of 1936 as the New York County Lawyers' Association had lodged a protest over the dispensation of free counsel over the air. As a result, the New York Supreme Court prohibited actual judges and lawyers from appearing on the program, a ban that would extend to all future legal shows of the era.
Famous Jury Trials was a long-running American radio broadcast that first started on the Mutual Network in 1936, airing on this station until 1939. After that, the broadcast was moved to ABC/Blue Network from 1940 to 1949. The series would later be transformed into a television program, moving to network TV once the television era took hold. The radio broadcast featured the reenactments of famous court cases throughout history. Listeners were taken into the courtroom where a judge was instructing a jury. Stories were delivered flat without music, giving the testimony added reality and weight.
Consider Your Verdict A long-running radio broadcast that took the same format of Famous Jury Trials.
Original TV court show genre (1948–95)

Early stages of televised court shows

As television began to exceed radio's popularity, radio broadcast court programming had waned. By 1948, court programming relocated and appeared on television for the first time, officially birthing the television court show genre. In the genre's first stages, television court shows largely followed the same "dramatized" format as radio court shows, though with the new element of physical and visual entertainment. The vast majority of these court shows were depicted in black-and-white.

Dramatized court show

Just as some films are based on true stories, some featured cases on courtroom dramas were based on real-life cases. On the other hand, cases could be entirely fictional, though they often drew on details from actual cases. To recreate and conceptualize cases, staff members working for the court shows researched the country's court cases and took ideas from the ones that seemed captivating and fitting for television. Typically, the role of the judge on these programs was played by a law school professor, an actor, or a retired judge. The roles of litigants, bailiffs, court reporters, and announcers were always performed by actors and actresses. While some of these court shows were scripted and required precise memorization, others were outlined and merely required ad-libbing. In outlined cases, actor-litigants and -witnesses were instructed to never get too far off the angle of the case. Under its dramatized format, the early court show genre resembled legal dramas more than the programs that have come to represent the modern judicial genre.
While the introduction of this technique dates back to the late 1940s, the departure of its popular use occurred in the early 1990s. The technique scarcely existed for a great deal of time, that is, up until Allen Media Group, formerly known as Entertainment Studios, reintroduced the methodology in 2010. Initially airing three court shows as of the 2012-2013 television season: America's Court with Judge Ross, We the People With Gloria Allred, and Justice for All with Judge Cristina Pérez, these series, used a filming style and format more closely resembling arbitration-based court shows than the filmed dramas seen in early television. In the first half of the 2012–13 television season, the aforementioned shows were the lowest rated in the judicial genre. While Allen Media Group has been criticized by some for using this technique,
as of the 2024-2025 television season, the company owns nine of the thirteen court shows currently airing, all using the identical format.

List of originally traditional court shows

The following court shows all follow a basic setup that represents the most widely used technique from the original era of judicial programming. This setup was a mock trial, which saw dramatized court case proceedings being heard and eventually ruled upon by an actor-judge or actors-jury. Roles were made up of plaintiffs, defendants, and judges; and frequently lawyers, juries, and witnesses. Unlike the present-day where the norm is the handling of civil trials, most of the court shows in this era were criminal trials. The main setting was the courtroom; however, performance and drama had been known to leave the courtroom sporadically for short periods so as to add a story-like quality and fill out the plotline. Some of the shows had thematic cases, such as traffic-themed and divorce-themed.

Your Witness A short-lived court show that involved case reenactments.
Famous Jury Trials A long-running courtroom series that had originally run for 13 years on radio before relocating to television where it would run for an additional four years. In addition to its lives on radio and television, Famous Jury Trials also existed as a movie, produced nearly two decades later in 1971. Overall, the series enjoyed a 17-year run. The televised version featured dramatized cases in a courtroom setting and flashbacks to fill out the stories. It was an anthology series with no regular characters. Since the show was live, the actors playing the litigants had to dash, huffing and puffing, from the courtroom set to the set where the flashback was staged, and then run back to the courtroom set. According to actor Frankie Thomas : "The format established on the radio show created frenzy on TV. The show opened in a courtroom with someone testifying and faded out to a flashback of the events covered in the testimony. But of course the flashback involved the same actor or actress seen in the initial courtroom scene, and the problem was that the different sets were quite far apart in a large studio."
The Black Robe A short-lived court show first known as Police Night Court, the series featured recreated cases from New York City's Night Court. Cases were performed live by actors, taking the parts of defendants, witnesses, and lawyers. The show consisted of a judge deciding a verdict. On occasion, actual defendants and witnesses played themselves.
They Stand Accused An anthology courtroom series, They Stand Accused reenacted actual trials with juries drawn from the studio audience.
Divorce Court A long-running court show that was inspired by the successes of Perry Mason and Traffic Court. Among the most successful of dramatized court shows was KTTV-Los Angeles' Divorce Court, which ran in prime time and out-performed all other network shows. Likewise, the 1980s era of the show was also immensely popular. The scenes were scripted, and actors took the roles of the lawyers and other characters from real-life cases, but Judge William B. Keene made his own decisions. During the first and second incarnations of the show, actors portrayed the litigants: the plaintiff, who initiated the divorce proceedings, and the defendant, who either sought a reconciliation or sought a divorce decree of their own. In addition, a number of witnesses testified on behalf of the litigants, and student attorneys argued the cases.
Perry Mason A courtroom dramatic series later revived as The New Perry Mason and then again, though in the form of a TV movie featuring some of the original cast members in 1985. Other Perry Mason TV movies followed until star Raymond Burr died in 1993. Mason was far more of a traditional, fully scripted dramatic program than just a courtroom program, with location shooting which often provided the background for the subsequent courtroom scenes, and also occasional excursions into Mason's private life. Early episodes were often based on the series of Mason novels authored by Erle Stanley Gardner.
Traffic Court A short-lived court show which reenacted traffic cases. .
The Court of Last Resort A courtroom program that dramatized the work of criminal law experts who assisted defendants believed to be unjustly convicted.
The Verdict Is Yours A courtroom program with fictional yet unscripted cases. The show used actual attorneys as the show's lawyers and judges. Jurors were drawn from the studio audience.
Day in Court A daytime court show based on actual trials with professional actors portraying the litigants and witnesses. Real attorneys played the role of lawyers. Current and former law professors played the role of the judge.
Accused A nighttime court show spun off from the daytime court show, Day in Court. Accused featured a new story and characters each week, but with a recurring judge, a bailiff, a clerk, and a court reporter. Prosecution and defense was played by real lawyers but actors played the role of defendants and witnesses in what were mostly criminal cases. The stories were based on little-known trials researched by staff, lawyers, and law students.
People's Court of Small Claims A short-lived court program presided over by Orrin B. Evans, a professor and later dean of the USC Law Center 1963–68. He presided over three small claims cases per half-hour in his strait-laced and quiet style. The actors were given the framework of a plot which were loosely based on a real case. They would then improvise these plots.
Night Court U.S.A. A short-lived court show in which the announcer introduces the show as "real cases and real people," but although these may be real cases, actors are taking on all the roles. The series, thanks in part to lax licensing, remains in occasional reruns to this day.
Morning Court A short-lived spin-off court show of Day in Court, sharing its same concept. The court show stemmed from the success of Day in Court and Accused. The program consisted of a bailiff, court reporter, and alternating judge.
Courtroom U.S.A. A short-lived courtroom program that featured recreated, dramatized versions of actual court cases.
Arrest and Trial A short-lived court series which initiated the formula later used on Law and Order.
Crown Court Fictional cases in dramatised trial proceedings deliberated upon and with unscripted verdicts from real members of the public selected from those eligible to serve on juries.
The Judge Originally known as Custody Court, The Judge is a court show that first ran for a dozen years as a local show on WBNS in Columbus, Ohio. After that, it was picked up and syndicated by CBS in 1986. It centered on family court situations and involved children and adolescents in custody, paternity, juvenile delinquency, and adoption hearings. Though based on real-life cases, it was entirely scripted and usually added melodramatic details. Judge Robert Franklin was played by actor Bob Shield.
Trial by Jury A short-lived, daily court show that was somewhat based on actual cases. The program was hosted by Raymond Burr, who provided commentary both on the facts and points of law. Joseph Campanella played the role of the prosecuting attorney; Charles Siebert acted as the defense attorney; and Madlyn Rhue was the judge. Rhue's presiding as a female judge was novel, as courtroom programming had been dominated by men playing the part of judge to that point.
Superior Court A court show that presented recreations of actual civil and criminal trials from Los Angeles Superior Court. Initially, it starred a former real-life judge and lawyers, though not the judge and lawyers involved in the original cases. Beginning in 1988, actor Raymond St. Jacques began playing the role of Judge Clayton Thomas. Lawyers, litigants and court watchers were also played by actors.
Verdict A short-lived court show that used the introduction: "You are about to witness an actual criminal trial. There are no actors, no scripts, no reenactments. Every second is real." However, this introduction was misleading, as the court show was entirely fictitious. As a result of its introduction, it was said that the show misrepresented the profession of lawyers and the legal system as a whole.