Comparison of Japanese and Korean
The geographically proximate languages of Japanese and Korean share considerable similarity in syntactic and morphological typology while having a small number of lexical resemblances. Observing the said similarities and probable history of Japanese culture, linguists have formulated different theories proposing a genetic relationship between them. These studies either lack conclusive evidence or were subsets of theories that have largely been discredited. New research revived the possibility of a genealogical link, such as the Transeurasian hypothesis by Robbeets et al., supported by computational linguistics and archaeological evidence, but it has many critics.
Korean and Japanese have very different native scripts, although they both make use of Chinese characters to some extent; Kanji still are a core part of modern Japanese orthography, while Hanja were historically used to write Korean. Today, Hanja are only used in South Korea for limited academic, legal, media, stylistic and disambiguation purposes and are not used at all in North Korea. Although both Hangul and the two modern kana systems show syllable/mora boundaries, Hangul syllable blocks break down into a featural alphabet, while the kana are essentially pure syllabaries.
Overview
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| Speakers | 83 million | 126.4 million | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Countries |  South KoreaGrammarKorean and Japanese both have an agglutinative morphology in which verbs may function as prefixes and a subject–object–verb typology. They are both topic-prominent, null-subject languages. Both languages extensively turn nouns into verbs via the "to do" helper verbs.VocabularyThe two languages have been thought to not share any cognates, for their vocabularies do not phonetically resemble each other.However, a 2016 paper proposing a common lineage between Korean and Japanese traces around 500 core words thought to share a common origin. Most resembling lexicon in the study has been observed between Middle Korean and earlier Old Japanese, some of which is shown in the following table:
Although fewer in number, there have been also comparisons between stages other than Old Japanese and Middle Korean:
In addition to the above, there may be a relation between the words for morning. A historical variant in Korean may have been pronounced "asa". There is a minority theory attributing the name of the Japanese city of Nara to a loanword from Korean. NumeralsSimilarities have been drawn between the four attested numerals of Goguryeo, a possible ancient Korean relative, and its equivalents in Old Japanese.
Note: See Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai for information on Old Japanese subscript notation. WritingBoth languages use, to some extent, a combination of native scripts and Chinese characters.Korean is mostly written in the Korean featural alphabet. The traditional hanja are sometimes used in South Korea, but only for specific purposes such as to clarify homophones, linguistic or historic study, artistic expression, legal documents, and newspapers. Native Korean words do not use hanja anymore. In North Korea, the hanja have been largely suppressed in an attempt to remove Chinese influence, although they are still used in some cases and the number of hanja taught in North Korean schools is greater than that of South Korean schools. Japanese is written with a combination of kanji and kana. Unlike Korean hanja, however, kanji can be used to write both Sino-Japanese words and native Japanese words. Historically, both Korean and Japanese were written solely with Chinese characters, with the writing experiencing a gradual mutation through centuries into its modern form. HonorificsBoth languages have similar elaborate, multilevel systems of honorifics, and furthermore both Korean and Japanese also separate the concept of honorifics from formality in speech and writing in their own ways. They are cited as the two most elaborate honorific systems, perhaps unrivaled by any other languages. It has been argued that certain honorific words may share a common origin. Uniquely, the honorifics rely heavily on changing verb conjugations rather than only using t-v distinction or other common methods of signifying honorifics. See Korean honorifics and Japanese honorifics. |