Commission (document)
A commission is a formal document issued to appoint a named person to high office or as a commissioned officer in a territory's armed forces. A commission constitutes documentary authority that the person named is vested with the powers of that office and is empowered to execute official acts. A commission often takes the form of letters patent.
Commissions are typically issued in the name of or signed by the head of state. In Commonwealth realms, the documentation is referred to as a King's Commission or Queen's Commission. However, in Commonwealth realms other than the United Kingdom, they may be signed by the governor-general, the representative of the monarch of that realm.
Terminology
Because the word "commission" can also refer generally to an individual's duty, the more specific terms commissioning parchment or commissioning scroll are often used to specify the commissioning document. However, the document is not usually in the form of a scroll and is more often printed on paper instead of parchment. In Canada, there is a differentiation in terminology according to rank; officers are accorded commissioning scripts.Military and naval examples
Canada
Here is an example from Canada:File:Canadian Officer's commission for a male naval officer.jpg|thumb|Canadian commission from 2007 of a naval male officer
Canadian Commissioning Scripts, as they are properly called by NDHQ, are signed by the Governor General of Canada and countersigned by the Minister of National Defence, on behalf of the King of Canada.
Here is an example of the Royal Canadian Navy's Commission from pre-1968:
Sweden
Officers in the Swedish Armed Forces have not received written commissions since 1982 when a new employment structure was instituted by law. They are nowadays hired on contracts, as in any other civil service position. Prior to 1982 all officers received written certificates of commission, each signed by the King of Sweden.The wording used prior to 1982 in translation would be;
United Kingdom
The following is typical of the wording of a British commission during the reign of Charles III,The commission would be signed by the King at the top left of the scroll and countersigned at the bottom of the scroll by two senior members of the Ministry of Defence.
Royal Navy pre-1964
Before the Board of Admiralty were merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1964, with the title of Lord High Admiral reverting to the Crown, the naval officer's commission was signed not by the Sovereign but by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, executing the office of Lord High Admiral. The naval officer's commission was worded as follows:Similarly the following is the wording of a Lieutenant's Commission from 1800:
It was signed by two Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty and a Secretary, i.e. a quorum of the Board of Admiralty.
United States
Article II, section 3, of the U.S. Constitution provides that the President "shall Commission all the Officers of the United States," including officers of the Uniformed services of [the United States|uniformed services] as well as civilian officers. Commissions of officers in the armed services are issued in the name of the President, although authority to sign on the President's behalf is generally exercised by the secretary of the department in which the officer is being commissioned. This includes not only "commissioned officers" but also "commissioned warrant officers". Warrant officers at the grade of W-1 are appointed by warrant by the secretary of their respective service, except in the Coast Guard where they are appointed by secretarial commission.The commission of a newly commissioned officer reads :
At higher grade levels, appointments and promotions require Senate confirmation, and the wording of the commission reflects that fact: "... I have nominated and, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, do appoint..."
Examples of commissions to civil offices
United States
The Constitutional requirement mentioned above, that the President commission all officers of the United States, includes a wide range of civilian officials, including justices of the Supreme Court and other federal judges, the heads of executive departments, subcabinet level officials down to the level of assistant secretary, U.S. attorneys and marshals, diplomatic representatives, and members of the US Foreign Service, among others. Commissions are issued in the name of the President, either under his own signature or that of an official delegated to act on his behalf, and under either the Great Seal of the United States or the seal of the executive department in which the appointment is made.A typical commission for a Presidentially-appointed, Senate-confirmed civilian official in the Executive Branch would read:
File:Defense Secretary Jim Mattis formally swears in Ryan D. McCarthy as the 33rd Under Secretary of the Army.jpg|thumb|Former Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis and Ryan D. McCarthy in 2017, holding the latter's framed commission scroll as Under Secretary of the Army, affixed with the seal of the U.S. Department of Defense and signed by both Mattis and President Donald Trump.
For heads of executive departments and independent agencies, the Seal of the United States and the signature of the Secretary of State appear. If the position is subordinate to the head of an executive department, the seal of the relevant executive department appears instead of the Seal of the United States, and the signature of the head of that department replaces that of the Secretary of State.
For certain positions, other characteristics such as "prudence" or "wisdom, uprightness, and learning" may be used in addition to or instead of "integrity and ability". If a position is for a fixed term of years or "during good behavior", the appropriate wording replaces the clause beginning "during the pleasure of the President."
Commissions of officers in the U.S. Foreign Service are also signed by the President. The commission of a newly commissioned officer reads:
The commission is countersigned by the Secretary of State, and the singular Great Seal of the United States is affixed.
US States
Similar to the U.S. Constitution's provisions directing the President to commission executive officers of the U.S. Government, the states' constitutions and/or laws provide for state officers to be commissioned; for example, Texas law directs the Texas governor to commission most state officers and elected county officers.A person applying for a license to be a notary public receives a commission, generally indicating what political jurisdiction issued it, the period of its validity, and the signature of the issuing authorities.