Clark International Airport
Clark International Airport, known as Diosdado Macapagal International Airport from 2003 to 2014, is an international airport covering portions of the cities of Angeles and Mabalacat within the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. It is located northwest of Manila. It is accessible by way of the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway.
The airport serves Metro Clark, as well as the entire Central Luzon, Northern Luzon, and, to an extent, Manila metropolitan area and capital city with international and domestic flights. The name is derived from the former American Clark Air Base, which was the largest overseas base of the United States Air Force until it was closed and handed over to the Government of the Philippines in 1991.
The airport is managed and operated by Luzon International Premier Airport Development Corp., a consortium of JG Summit Holdings, Filinvest Development Corporation, Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions Inc., and Changi Airports Philippines Pte. Ltd. The southern part of the facility is utilized by the Philippine Air Force as Clark Air Base.
The airport was nominated as a finalist for the Airport category of the 2021 Prix Versailles awards but lost to LaGuardia Airport Terminal B as the best new airport in 2021. However, it was recognized as a laureate of Prix Versailles' 2023 list of the World's Most Beautiful Airports.
On March 1, 2024, CRK won the Routes Asia Marketing Award under the 5 million Passenger airport category after having handled nearly 2 million passengers in 2023, or a 160% increase.
History
The United States Cavalry established Fort Stotsenberg in 1902 and later converted a portion of it into an airfield, which was, in turn, renamed Clark Air Field in 1919—in honor of aviator Major Harold Melville Clark. Clark Air Field was used as a strategic overseas base by both the United States and Japan during World War II.In 1947, the RP-US Military Bases Agreement was signed, integrating Clark Air Field and Fort Stotsenberg into Clark Air Base but, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 and the non-renewal of the military bases agreement, Clark Air Base was reverted to the Philippine government.
The Bases Conversion Development Act of 1992 accelerated the conversion of Clark Air Base into a Special Economic Zone, and, in 2007, the Congress of the Philippines enacted Republic Act No. 9400, which renamed the base to Clark Freeport Philippines. It is now segregated in two separate entities: Clark Freeport Zone, administered by the Clark Development Corporation, and the Clark Civil Aviation Complex, administered by the Clark International Airport Corporation.
In 1993, the former Clark Air Base was reopened as the Clark Special Economic Zone after the area was cleared of lahar debris from the Mount Pinatubo eruption and a typhoon that followed. On April 28, 1994, an executive order was signed by former President Fidel Ramos that designated Clark as the Clark Special Economic Zone as the future site of a premier international airport, aiming to attract economic and tourism activities to Central Luzon and relieve congestion in Metro Manila.
In 1997, the development of Clark International Airport began in earnest with the signing of a contract involving a developer linked to the proposed new passenger terminal at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Pasay City. This move was part of the Philippine government's broader strategy to enhance the country's airport infrastructure and alleviate congestion at NAIA. By collaborating with experienced international airport operators and developers, such as Aeroports de Paris, the BCDA aimed to turn Clark into a major international gateway. This development was intended to support regional economic growth and provide a viable alternative to NAIA for international and domestic flights. In that same year, the master plan was drafted. The plan would set up a state-of-the-art aviation complex with a capacity of 10 million passengers a day, while the proposal was to have equipment installed, but building the passenger terminal and the control tower has not yet been completed.
The airport opened for commercial operations on June 16, 1996.
On April 4, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo renamed the airport to Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, in memory of her father, former President Diosdado Macapagal, and ordered the Clark International Airport Corporation in February 2007 to fund the US$1.7 billion expansion of DMIA and the approval of a US$2 million study plan financed by the Korean International Cooperation Agency. The first stage of Clark Airport's expansion program, a ₱130 million terminal expansion, was completed in January 2008 to accommodate more than 2 million passengers annually.
The viability and practicability of CIA have been confirmed by studies by Pacific Consultants International in 2005, the Korea International Cooperation Agency in 2008, and Aecom in 2010.
In 2011, CIAC was transferred from the Bases Conversion and Development Authority and became an attached agency of the Department of Transportation and Communications by virtue of Executive Order No. 64 issued by President Benigno Aquino III.
The airport again used the Clark International Airport name in February 2012, but the original passenger terminal continued to bear Macapagal's name until 2014.
On February 28, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte issued Executive Order No. 14, reverting CIAC as a subsidiary of the BCDA, but with the Department of Transportation maintaining supervision and operational control of the airport.
Expansion in 2020s
Originally, four new terminals were expected to be completed and to be fully operational by 2025. Upon completion, these four terminals were to boost Clark's passenger capacity to more than 110 million annually. However, as of March 2025, there is no evidence of such undertaking taking place and no building work has commenced. The airport was also being proposed to become one of the country's first "aerotropolis," which is a community that features a world-class airport and surrounded by business clusters and residential developments. The project plan involved bidding out the operations and maintenance of the existing and the proposed passenger terminal buildings on the airport for a 25-year concession period. The ₱12.55-billion project plan involved the construction of a new passenger terminal building with a design capacity of twelve million passengers per annum. The proposal was undertaken by the ADP Ingénierie in 2015.North Luzon Airport Consortium, which is a consortium of JG Summit Holdings, Filinvest Development Corporation, Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions Inc. and Changi Airports Philippines Pte. Ltd. won the open bid by the BCDA to take over the operations and maintenance of the airport. On January 25, 2019, NLAC signed the 25-year contract for the operations and maintenance for the airport. On August 16, Clark International Airport's operations and maintenance were officially handed over to the winning bid Corporation in a ceremony held at the new terminal building along with the unveiling of its new logo.
A single new passenger terminal building was completed in September 2020. Trial flights to and from the new terminal were conducted in December 2021, and the terminal opened for commercial operations on May 2, 2022. All flights moved to the new terminal on the day of its opening. Following the opening of the new terminal, the old terminal was decommissioned. The new terminal was officially opened by President Bongbong Marcos during a grand opening event on September 28. In May 2024, the airport’s operator LIPAD Corporation said it was exploring the development of a solar farm within the Clark complex, in coordination with Filinvest Development Corporation’s power unit, identifying roughly 10–15 hectares of non-buildable airside land as potential sites.
Geographical location
Clark International Airport is located within the Clark Freeport Zone in the island of Luzon, approximately from Manila in the south and from Baguio. The airport lies in between Mount Pinatubo to the west and Mount Arayat to the east.The airport site is inside the Clark Freeport Zone's Civil Aviation Complex which occupies and directly linked to the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway which is connected to the North Luzon Expressway providing a direct link to Metro Manila.
It has a local catchment area with an estimated population of 23 million covering the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, the Cordillera Administrative Region, and northern Metro Manila.
Structure
Passenger terminal
The airport has a four-level passenger terminal building which replaced the original terminal in 2022. Designed by Populous and Casas+Architects and constructed by Megawide Construction Corporation and GMR Infrastructure, the terminal has a total floor area of and a design capacity of twelve million passengers per annum.The ground level holds the baggage claim and arrival halls, while the second floor holds the transfer facilities, immigration facilities for arriving international passengers, and 18 jet bridges. Aside from the jet bridges, there are remote gates at the apron. The third level houses the check-in counters and pre-departure areas including gate lounges, while the fourth level houses food and beverage areas and commercially important person lounges.
The facade of the terminal sports a wave roof design inspired by the mountains of Mount Arayat, Mount Pinatubo, and the Sierra Madre mountain range.
Former terminal
The original terminal was expanded for $3 million to accommodate 1 million passengers annually. The expansion project was inaugurated by President Arroyo in April 2008 to serve the growing passenger volume due to the entry of foreign and local budget carriers at the airport.The first phase of the expansion of the terminal started in April 2010 at a cost of $12 million, saw a second story, arrival and departure lounges, and two aerobridges added to the terminal building. The expansion boosted the airport's capacity to 2.5 million annually.
The passenger terminal was expanded again in 2013 at a cost of $9.6 million, increasing the capacity of the terminal from 2.5 million to 4.2 million passengers per annum. The expansion increased the size of the passenger terminal building from to. It added 21 new check-in counters, increasing the total number of counters from 13 to 34. Five arrival counters and 12 departures counters were also constructed. The expanded terminal has eight entry points and three customs stations. The modernized terminal started operations in May 2013.