Centimorgan
In genetics, a centimorgan or map unit is a unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer distance along a chromosome. However, it is not a true physical distance.
Relation to physical distance
The number of base pairs to which it corresponds varies widely across the genome and it also depends on whether the meiosis in which the crossing-over takes place is a part of oogenesis or spermatogenesis.In humans one centimorgan corresponds to about 1 Mb on average. The relationship is only rough, as the physical chromosomal distance corresponding to one centimorgan varies from place to place in the genome, and also varies between males and females since recombination during gamete formation in females is significantly more frequent than in males. Kong et al. calculated that the female genome is 4460 cM long, while the male genome is only 2590 cM long.
In contrast, in Plasmodium falciparum one centimorgan corresponds to about 15 kb; markers separated by 15,000 nucleotides have an expected rate of chromosomal crossovers of 0.01 per generation.
Note that non-syntenic genes are inherently unlinked, and cM distances are not applicable to them.
Relation to the probability of recombination
Because genetic recombination between two markers is detected only if there are an odd number of chromosomal crossovers between the two markers, the distance in centimorgans does not correspond exactly to the probability of genetic recombination. Assuming the Haldane Mapping Function, eponymously devised by J. B. S. Haldane, the number of chromosomal crossovers is distributed according to a Poisson distribution, a genetic distance of d centimorgans will lead to an odd number of chromosomal crossovers, and hence a detectable genetic recombination, with probabilitywhere sinh is the hyperbolic sine function. The probability of recombination is approximately d/100 for small values of d and approaches 50% as d goes to infinity.
The formula can be inverted, giving the distance in centimorgans as a function of the recombination probability:
- 7050 cM, they are identical twins ;
- 3525 cM, they are parent & child ;
- 1762 cM, they are grandparent & grandchild, or half siblings ;
- 881 cM, they are great grandparent & great grandchild, or half aunt/uncle and half niece/nephew ;
- 440 cM, they are great great grand parent & great great grandchild, or half great aunt/uncle & half great niece/nephew, or half cousins ;
The self/twin figure of 7050 cM corresponds to the sum of the cM lengths of human DNA for males and females.
Because some recombinations result in unviable gametes, or offspring that cannot themselves reproduce, the observed genetic distances in families tend to be lower than predicted by models based purely on physical recombination rates. -->