Carlos José Argüello Gómez was born in San José, Costa Rica, on 27 July 1946, the son of Nicaraguan nationals Fernando Argüello Solórzano and Alina Gómez Argüello. He studied Legal Sciences at Universidad Centroamericana and received his A.B. in 1976. From 1980 until 1982, he served as Deputy Minister of Justice, and from 1982 until 1983, he served as Nicaragua's Minister of Justice.