Buzen Province


Buzen Province was a province of Japan in the area of northeastern Kyūshū, corresponding to part of southeastern Fukuoka Prefecture and northwestern Ōita Prefecture. Buzen bordered on Bungo to the south, and Chikuzen to the north and west. Its abbreviated form name was Hōshū, although it was also called Nihō. In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Buzen was one of the provinces of the Saikaidō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Buzen was ranked as one of the "superior countries" in terms of importance, and one of the "far countries" in terms of distance from the capital.

History

Early history

During the Kofun period, the area of Buzen had two main power centers: Toyouni in the northwest and Usa-kuni in the southeast (the area around what is now Usa, each of which was ruled by a kuni no miyatsuko. By the Asuka period, the area had been consolidated into a single province called Toyo Province, also called Toyokuni no Michi no Shiri. After the Taika Reforms and the establishment of the Ritsuryō system in 701, Toyo Province was divided into Bungo and Buzen Provinces.
The kokufu of Buzen was located in Toyotsu, now part of Miyako, Fukuoka, and its ruins have been located and are now a National Historic Site. The Buzen Kokubun-ji was also located in the same area. The of ichinomiya of Buzen Province is Usa Jingū, commonly known as "Usa Hachimangū", located in Usa.

Edo Period and early modern period

Buzen was largely dominated by Kokura Domain, ruled by the Ogasawara clan under the Tokugawa shogunate, with a smaller area under the rule of Nakatsu Domain.
NameClanTypekokudakaNotes
KokuraOgasawaraFudai150,000 kokurenamed Kawara Domain in 1869; Toyotsu Domain in 1850
NakatsuOkudairaFudai100,000 koku
Kokura ShindenOgasawaraFudai10,000 kokuRenamed Chizuka Domain in 1869

During the Boshin War, Kokura Castle was occupied by the forces of Chōshū Domain, and the seat of Kokura Domain was transferred to Kawara Domain. It was renamed Toyotsu Domain in 1870. In 1869, Kokura Shinden Domain was renamed Chizuka Domain. The previous year, hatamoto territory in the province was transferred to Hita Prefecture, followed by Usa Jingu territory and Chōshū Domain in 1869. On the other hand, former tenryō in Shimoge District and Usa District became part of Tsushima-Fuchū Domain in January 1870. With the abolition of the han system in August 1871, the former domains became Toyotsu, Senzoku, Nakatsu, and Izuhara prefectures, which were merged at the end of the year to form Kokura Prefecture. In April 1876, Kokura Prefecture was incorporated into Fukuoka Prefecture, but in August of the same year, the two southernmost districts of former Buzen Province were transferred to Ōita Prefecture. The name "Buzen" continued to persist for some purposes. For example, Buzen is explicitly recognized in the 1894 treaties with the United States and the United Kingdom.
Per the early Meiji period Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō, an official government assessment of the nation's resources, Buzen Province had 776 villages with a total kokudaka of 363,940 koku. Bungo Province consisted of:
DistrictkokudakavillagesControlled byNotes
Usa District, Ōita77,483 koku241 villagesTenryō, Nakatsu, Shimabara, Usa Jingūdissolved
Shimoge District, Ōita47,593 koku98 villagesTenryō, Nakatsudissolved
Kiku District, Fukuoka45,797 koku110 villagesKokura-
Tagawa District, Fukuoka54,752 koku64 villagesKokura
Miyako District, Fukuoka34,617 koku71 villagesKokuraabsorbed Nakatsu District on February 26, 1896
Nakatsu District, Fukuoka42,586 koku76 villagesKokuramerged into Miyako District on February 26, 1896
Tsuiki District, Fukuoka23,033 koku41 villagesKokuramerged with Kōge to become Chikujō District on February 26, 1896
Kōge District, Fukuoka38,074 koku75 villagesKokura. Nakatsumerged with Tsuiki to become Chikujō District on February 26, 1896