Burn pit
A burn pit is an area of a United States military base in which waste is disposed of by burning.
According to the United States Army field manual, there are four other ways outside of burn pits to dispose of nonhazardous solid waste: incinerators, burial, landfills, and tactical burial. Open-air burning is a way to dispose of waste, but increases risk of fire and produces noxious fumes. Due to modern waste in deployed environments, there is plastic, shipping materials, electronic waste, and other material that may emit toxic aerial compounds. Burn pits were heavily criticized and resulted in lawsuits by military veterans, Department of Defense civilians, and military contractors. Global environmental consciousness has especially criticized these instances of large-scale burn pit operation. The effects of burn pits seem to be similar to that of fire debris cleanup.
The Department of Defense estimates that 3.5 million service members were exposed to burn pits. The Department of Veterans Affairs has granted about 73% of veterans’ burn pit claims related to asthma, sinusitis and rhinitis.
Use in Iraq and Afghanistan
During the Gulf War and continuing through the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, military bases throughout the region used burn pits as a way to dispose of waste. These locations included Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Djibouti, Diego Garcia, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Red Sea. In 2010, large-scale burn pit operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, allegedly operated by the U.S. military or its contractors such as KBR, were reported to have allowed the operation of the burn pits for long periods, burning many tons of assorted waste. Active duty personnel reported respiratory difficulties and headaches in some cases, while some veterans made disability claims based on respiratory system symptoms allegedly derived from the burn pits. General David Petraeus, commander, US Central Command and Multi-National Force-Iraq, stated commanders' concerns were about basic needs of the soldiers under his command and not burn pits, at the time. The Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction found burn pits to be indefensible because their emissions are potentially harmful to US servicemembers.Examples
, the largest U.S. base in Iraq had a burn pit operation as late as the summer of 2008, burning 147 tons of waste per day when the Army Times published a major story about it and related health concerns. The burn pit at JBB was 10-acres and the waste produced by each person assigned to JBB is estimated to be between of waste per day. An Air Force spokesman speaking for the 609th Combined Air and Space Operations Center Southwest Asia vigorously contested allegations of health effects and emphasized mitigation efforts. In Afghanistan, at its peak, more than 400 tons of waste was disposed using burn pits daily.According to Leon Russell Keith, a military contractor stationed at Balad who testified at a Senate hearing in 2009, ash was everywhere, including on beds and clothes. He described that the thick black smoke was present even in the barracks, where it permanently stained sheets. One soldier described the smoke as “like San Francisco fog.” Another called it “pollen dust.” The color of the smoke could be blue and black, or yellow and orange, but was usually black.
Duration
Burn pits were allegedly adopted as a temporary measure but remained in use several years after alternative methods of disposal such as incineration were available. Burn pits were used during Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. As of July 2019, there were still nine sanctioned burn pits in operations in Syria, Afghanistan and Egypt. Per the DoD, this is a last resort when no feasible alternative exists. For longer term enduring locations, conventional solid waste practices are used.Use in the United States
Hazardous materials are burned in open piles at military installations in the United States, including the Radford Army Ammunition Plant in Virginia.Materials burned and combustion products
The waste burned using burn pits included chemicals, paints, medical waste, human waste, metal and aluminum products, electronic waste, munitions, petroleum products, lubricants, plastics, rubber, wood, and food waste. A typical burn pit uses jet fuel as the accelerant. The burning of such material created clouds of black smoke.According to an Air Force fact sheet, "Burning solid wastes in an open pit generates numerous pollutants. These pollutants include dioxins, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and ash. Highly toxic dioxins, produced in small amounts in almost all burning processes, can be produced in elevated levels with increased combustion of plastic waste and if the combustion is not at high incinerator temperatures. Inefficient combustion of medical or latrine wastes can emit disease-laden aerosols." Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is the same chemical found in Agent Orange used in the Vietnam War. Additionally, burn pits also created particulate matter 2.5 and PM 10 pollution. Below is a table that has all of the known pollutants that have been detected in burn pits.
| 1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDD | acenaphthylene | chrysene |
| 1,2,3,7,8,9-HexaCDD | anthracene | dibenzanthracene|dibenzanthracene |
| 1,2,3,7,8-PentaCDD | benzanthracene|benzanthracene | fluoranthene |
| 10 furans | benzopyrene|benzopyrene | fluorene |
| 17 PAHs | benzofluoranthene|benzofluoranthene | indenopyrene |
| 2,3,7,8-TetraCDD | benzopyrene|benzopyrene | Naphthalene |
| 7 dioxins, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDD | Benzoperylene|benzoperylene | OctaCDD |
| acenaphthene | benzofluoranthene|benzofluoranthene, | pyrene |
Health effects
In 2009, growing concerns regarding the health effects of burn pits led President Barack Obama to direct federal agencies to consult recent scientific findings regarding burn pits to protect US military personnel, and for military commanders to implement recommendations to protect those under their command. Anthony Szema, MD of Stony Brook School of Medicine stated that humans exposed to air pollution, especially particulate matter, have high risk of death and lung disease. Benzene is a known carcinogen and was a commonly used accelerant for burn pits. Burn pits operate at lower temperatures which causes more incomplete combustion, which results in greater amounts of aerosolized toxic by-products.In November 2009, the Veteran's Administration and the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine began an 18-month study to determine the long-term health effects of exposure to the burn pits in Iraq and Afghanistan. The VA and the Department of Defense, the Board on the Health of Select Populations of the Institute of Medicine formed the Committee on Long-term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan which held its first meeting on February 23, 2010, in Washington, D.C. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine reviewed the scientific literature related to the possibility of adverse long-term health effects of open burn pits. The report, Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan noted U.S. Department of Defense air quality monitoring data measured levels of particulate matter higher than generally considered safe by U.S. regulatory agencies. It also cited work linking high PM levels to cardiopulmonary effects, particularly in individuals at increased risk due to pre-existing conditions such as asthma and emphysema. They concluded that there is only limited evidence suggestive "of an association between exposure to combustion products and reduced pulmonary function in these populations." If there is sufficient evidence of a connection between exposure to burn pits and subsequent illness and disability, it might serve as the basis for congressional enactment of a "presumption of service connection" similar to that in place for exposure to Agent Orange.
Currently, there has been research in the following areas to determine exposure to burn pit and health effects:
- Reproductive health outcomes: There is some research to suggest that toxins from burn pits can have adverse birth outcomes. Additionally, there is growing evidence to suggest a reduction in sperm quality associated with burn pits.
- Autoimmune disorders: A study found no elevated occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus among veterans deployed within 3 miles of burn pits.
- Cancers: One veteran believed her fatal pancreatic cancer was caused by burn pit exposure. Joe Biden believes that exposure contributed to his son Beau Biden's brain cancer. Other veterans were concerned that exposure contributed to illnesses including cancer, but many were denied compensation claims due to a "lack of evidence establishing a connection to military service." More recently, the USDVA lists several forms of cancer as presumptive conditions for burn pit exposures. One study using Burn Pits 360's registry found that there is a higher rate of proportionate cancer mortality among deceased veterans.
- High blood pressure: A study from the Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry found that one-third of those exposed to burn pits were diagnosed with high blood pressure.
- Respiratory disorders: The Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry shows that 30% of participatants have been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
- Mood disorders, mental health problems and brain damage: In 2025, The National Institutes of Health released a joint study in collaboration with the DOD and Veterans Affairs. It went over the health information of nearly 440,000 veterans stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2001 and 2011. They found higher rates of mood disorders, mental health problems, intracranial injuries, and traumatic brain damage in personnel deployed near burn pits.