Bruceploitation


Bruceploitation is an exploitation film subgenre that emerged after the death of martial arts film star Bruce Lee in 1973, during which time filmmakers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea cast Bruce Lee look-alike actors to star in imitation martial arts films, in order to exploit Lee's sudden international popularity. Bruce Lee look-alike characters also commonly appear in other media, including anime, comic books, manga, and video games.

History

When martial arts film star Bruce Lee died on July 20, 1973, he was Hong Kong's most famous martial arts actor, known for his roles in six feature-length Hong Kong martial arts films in the early 1970s: Lo Wei's The Big Boss and Fist of Fury ; Golden Harvest's The Way of the Dragon and the incomplete film Game of Death, both directed and written by Lee; and Golden Harvest / Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon and Game of Death: The Clouse Cut, both films directed by Robert Clouse.
When Enter the Dragon became a box office success worldwide, many Hong Kong studios feared that a movie without their most famous star in it would not be financially successful and decided to play on Lee's sudden international fame by making movies that sounded like Bruce Lee starring vehicles. They cast actors who looked like Lee and changed their screen names to variations of Lee's name, such as Bruce Li and Bruce Le.

Actors

After Bruce Lee's death, many actors assumed Lee-like stage names. Bruce Li, Bruce Chen, Bruce Lai, Bruce Le, Bruce Lie, Bruce Leung, Saro Lee, Bruce Ly, Bruce Thai, Brute Lee, Myron Bruce Lee, Lee Bruce, and Bruce Lei / Dragon Lee were hired by studios to play Lee-styled roles.
Bruce Li appeared in Bruce Lee Against Supermen, in which he stars as Kato, assistant of the Green Hornet, a role originally played by the real Bruce Lee.
Dragon Lee, a Korean who also used the name Bruce Lei, was another in this genre.
Additionally, when some Japanese karate and Korean taekwondo films were dubbed into English for U.S. release, the protagonists were given new Lee-like stage names. Such was the case with Jun Chong and Tadashi Yamashita.
Jackie Chan, who started his movie career as an extra and stunt artist in some of Bruce Lee's movies, was also given roles where he was promoted as the next Bruce Lee as Chan Yuen Lung, such as New Fist of Fury. Only when he made some comedy-themed movies for another studio was he able to attain box-office success.
In 2001, actor Danny Chan Kwok-kwan sported Lee's look in the Cantonese comedy film Shaolin Soccer. The role landed him to play Lee in the biographical television series The Legend of Bruce Lee.

Film and television

Some of the films, such as Re-Enter the Dragon, Enter Three Dragons, Return of Bruce, Enter Another Dragon, Return of the Fists of Fury, or Enter the Game of Death, were rehashes of Bruce Lee's classics. Others told Lee's life story and explored his mysteries, such as Bruce Lee's Secret, Exit the Dragon, Enter the Tiger, and Bruce's Fist of Vengeance.
Other films used his death as a plot element such as The Clones of Bruce Lee or The Dragon Lives Again. Others, such as Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave, featured Lee imitators but with a plot having nothing to do with Bruce Lee.
One of Lee's fight choreographers, actor-director Sammo Hung, famously satirised the phenomenon of Bruceploitation in his 1978 film, Enter the Fat Dragon. Elliott Hong's They Call Me Bruce? satirised the tendency for all male Asian actors to have to sell themselves as Bruce Lee-types to succeed.
One notable film is Fist of Fear, Touch of Death released in 1980. While the real Lee does appear in the movie, it is only through dubbed stock footage. The movie passes itself off as non-fiction but is fictional. The plot involves a martial arts tournament where the prize is recognition as Lee's successor. This is intertwined with what the movie passes off as the life story of Bruce Lee. The film says that Lee's parents did not want him be a martial artist, and he ran away from home to become an actor. In real life, they encouraged his careers. The film conflates China and Japan by stating Lee's martial art was Karate instead of Kung Fu and that his great-grandfather was a samurai.

Partial list of films

  • The Pig Boss, starring Ramon Zamora
  • Shadow of the Dragon, starring Ramon Zamora
  • The Game of Death!, starring Ramon Zamora
  • Bruce Lee: A Dragon Story, starring Bruce Li
  • Goodbye Bruce Lee: His Last Game of Death, starring Bruce Li
  • Exit the Dragon, Enter the Tiger, starring Bruce Li
  • Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave, starring Jun Chong
  • New Fist of Fury, a sequel to Fist of Fury starring Jackie Chan
  • The Dragon Lives, starring Bruce Li
  • Bruce Lee: The Man, The Myth, starring Bruce Li
  • The Dragon Lives Again, starring Bruce Leung
  • Fist of Fury II, a sequel to Fist of Fury starring Bruce Li; unrelated to New Fist of Fury
  • Return of the Tiger, starring Bruce Li
  • The Image of Bruce Lee, starring Bruce Li
  • Fists of Bruce Lee, starring Bruce Li
  • Enter the Game of Death, starring Bruce Le
  • Fist of Fury III, starring Bruce Li
  • They Call Him Bruce Lee, starring Jack Lee and Rey Malonzo
  • Kungfu Fever, starring Dragon Lee
  • Fist of Fear, Touch of Death, starring Bruce Lee and Fred Williamson
  • The Clones of Bruce Lee, starring Bruce Le, Dragon Lee, Bruce Lai, and Bruce Thai
  • Bruce's Fist of Vengeance, starring Bruce Le
  • Katilon Ke Kaatil, Hindi film featuring Bruce Le in several scenes
  • Jackie and Bruce to the Rescue, starring Tong Lung
  • No Retreat, No Surrender, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, Kurt McKinney and Kim Tai-chung as the ghost of Bruce Lee.

    Bruce Lee's double (lookalike)

  • Game of Death
  • ''Game of Death II''

    End of a trend

Bruceploitation ended when Jackie Chan made a name for himself with the success of the kung fu comedies Snake in the Eagle's Shadow and Drunken Master. These films established him as the "new king" of Hong Kong martial arts cinema. Another factor in the end of Bruceploitation was the beginning of the Shaw Brothers film era in the late 1970s, which started with movies such as Five Deadly Venoms which featured new martial arts stars in the Venom Mob. Since the end of the trend, Bruce Lee's influence on Hong Kong action cinema remained strong, but the actors began establishing their own personalities, and the films began to take on a more comedic approach.

Documentary

In 2017, production began on the documentary Enter the Clones of Bruce. The documentary interviews many of the key players of the Bruceploitation movement, including Ho Chung-tao, Huang Jianlong, Ryong Keo, and Leung Choi-sang. The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Tribeca Film Festival.

Rebirth

Bruceploitation has continued in the United States in a muted form since the 1970s. Films such as Force: Five, No Retreat, No Surrender, and The Last Dragon used Bruce Lee as a marketing hook, and the genre continues to be a source of exploration for fans of the late Little Dragon and his doppelgangers. Fist of Fear, Touch of Death told a fictional life story of the star.
In May 2010, Carl Jones published the book Here Come the Kung Fu Clones. It focuses on a particular Lee-a-like, Ho Chung Tao, but it also explores the best and worst actors and films that the genre has to offer.
The first Spanish book on the genre by Ivan E. Fernandez Fojón, Bruceploitation. Los clones de Bruce Lee was published by Applehead Team Creaciones in November 2017.
In 1994, the film The Green Hornet was released in Hong Kong, directed by Lam Ching-ying and starring Chin Ka-lok, in the plot, Dong is the current Green Hornet, following a millennial legacy, a predecessor of Dong looks like Kato.
Black Mask is a 1996 Hong Kong action film starring Jet Li. Based on the 1992 manhua of the same name created by Li Chi-Tak, the film features a hero who wears a domino mask and a chauffeur's cap, in homage to the Kato. In 2002, the sequel Black Mask 2: City of Masks was released, this time starring Andy On in the title role.
In the film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, Donnie Yen plays Chen Zhen, a character played by Bruce Lee in the classic Fist of Fury. Chen Zhen adopts a masked identity inspired by Kato to fight against the Japanese occupation and protect the population.
Stewart Home’s book Re-Enter The Dragon: Genre Theory, Brucesploitation & the Sleazy Joys of Lowbrow Cinema "is cleaning up the territory and sharpening the contours of the category of Bruceploitation which as he sees it has not been worked out rigorously enough by early pioneers." This book appeared after Home made and exhibited an art film meditation on the subject of Bruceploitation for Glasgow International in 2016.
The Legend of Bruce Lee, a Chinese television drama series based on the life of Bruce Lee, has been watched by over viewers in China through CCTV, making it the most-watched Chinese television drama series of all time, as of 2017. It has also been aired in other parts of the world.

Comics and animation

The comic book medium also gave birth to several characters inspired by Bruce Lee, most notably in Japanese comics or manga.
Bruce Lee had an influence on several American comic book writers, notably Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee, who considered Bruce Lee to be a superhero without a costume. Shortly after his death, Lee inspired the Marvel character Iron Fist and the comic book series The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu. According to Stan Lee, any character that is a martial artist since then owes their origin to Bruce Lee in some form. Paul Gulacy was inspired by Bruce Lee when he drew the Marvel character Shang-Chi.