Azospirillum
Azospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-fermentative and nitrogen-fixing bacterial genus from the family of Rhodospirillaceae. Azospirillum bacteria can promote plant growth.
Characteristics
The genus Azospirillum belongs in the Alphaproteobacteria class of bacteria. Azospirillum are gram-negative, do not form spores, and have a slightly twisted oblong-rod shape. Azospirillum have at least one flagellum and sometimes multiple flagella, which they use to move rapidly. Azospirillum are aerobic, but many can also function as microaerobic diazotrophs, meaning, under low oxygen conditions, they can change inert nitrogen from the air into biologically usable forms. At least three species, A. melinis, A. thiophilum, and A. humicireducens are facultative anaerobes, and can live, if necessary, without oxygen. Growth of Azospirillum is possible between 5 °C and 42 °C and in substrates with a pH of 5 to 9, with optimal growth occurring around 30 °C and 7 pH. Microbiologists use nitrogen-free semi-solid media to isolate Azospirillum from samples. The most commonly used media is called "NFb".Discovery and reclassification
The first species described in the genus was originally named Spirillum lipoferum in 1925 by M.W. Beijerinck. In Brazil, during the 1970s, similar strains of this species were found associated with the roots of grain plants by scientists led by Dr. Johanna Döbereiner. Her group discovered that these bacteria had the ability to fix nitrogen. Due to this discovery, Spirillum lipoferum was reclassified in 1978 as Azospirillum lipoferum by Jeffery Tarrand, Noel Krieg, and Döbereiner, who also added Azospirillum ''brasilense to the genus. By 2020, twenty-one species of Azospirillum'' had been described, most of which had been discovered after the year 2000.Origin of name
The prefix "Azo-" comes from the French word "azote", which means nitrogen. This prefix is used to denote the ability of the bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The ending "-spirillum" refers to the shape of the bacteria, which is similar to spiral-shaped bacteria in the genus Spirillum.Ecological and agricultural significance
Azospirillum are found in freshwater and soil habitats, especially in close relationships with plant roots. Associations with plants are thought to be largely beneficial. Over 113 species of plants in 35 different plant families have been documented to have benefited from association with a species of Azospirillum. In addition to vascular plants, the growth of the algae Chlorella vulgaris was positively affected by the presence of Azospirillum. Since the 1970s, Azospirillum strains have been researched for their effects in improving agricultural yields and improving growth of wild plants. In 2009, the first commercial inoculants containing Azospirillum came on the market, and by 2018, over 3 million doses were applied annually to crops by farmers, mainly in South America.Plant growth promotion
Azospirillum promote plant growth through a variety of mechanisms. Many Azospirillum excrete plant hormones that alter how the roots of plants grow. Affected roots frequently grow more branches and fine root hairs, which may help the plants acquire water and nutrients more efficiently. In addition to these changes, Azospirillum can also alter the forms of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to make them more available to plants. However, how much nitrogen Azospirillum contribute to crop plants via biological fixation is debated. Azospirillum also make antioxidants that protect the plant roots from stresses due to drought and flooding.Plant growth can also be promoted indirectly by Azospirillum reducing plant disease. Azospirillum competes with pathogens on the roots for space and for trace nutrients such as iron. The plants' immune systems can also be primed by Azospirillum to resist attack by pathogens, a process known as induced systemic resistance.
Known species and genetic diversity
Azospirillum genus harbor over than 20 described species. Despite the remarkable plant growth-promotion properties, less than half of Azospirillum species have the genome sequenced: A. brasilense, A. thiophilum, A. lipoferum, A. oryzae, A. palustre, A. doebereinerae, A. halopraeferens and several undescribed Azospirillum sp. strains. When accessing a phylogenetic tree with all Azospirillum genomes, it is possible to identify two monophyletic groups, one harboring exclusively A. brasilense strains and another the remaining species. This strongly suggests a higher differentiation of A. brasilense from the remaining strains. The second clade also has very high diversity and not enough resolution to determine strains species only using genetic data.| Name | Paper that first described species | Details about species |
| Azospirillum agricola | Lin et al. 2016 | Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan |
| Azospirillum brasilense | corrig. Tarrand et al. 1979 | Isolated from roots of grasses in South America; One of the best studied species in the genus; Heavily researched for applications in agriculture; Used commercially to promote crop growth, especially in South America. |
| Azospirillum canadense | Mehnaz et al. 2007 | Isolated from corn roots in Canada |
| Azospirillum doebereinerae | Eckert et al. 2001 | Isolated from Miscanthus grass roots in Germany |
| Azospirillum fermentarium | Lin et al. 2013 | Isolated from a fermentation tank in Taiwan |
| Azospirillum formosense | Lin et al. 2012 | Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan |
| Azospirillum griseum | Yang et al. 2019 | Isolated from water from Baiyang Lake in China |
| Azospirillum halopraeferens | Reinhold et al. 1987 | Isolated from salt-tolerant Kallar grass in Pakistan; Has been shown to survive in seawater after experimental inoculation on the roots of mangroves |
| Azospirillum humicireducens | Zhou et al. 2013 | Isolated from a microbial fuel cell in China |
| Azospirillum largimobile | corrig. Ben Dekhil et al. 1997 | Isolated from lake water in Australia; originally called Conglomeromonas largomobilis |
| Azospirillum lipoferum | Tarrand et al. 1979 | First species to be described in the genus; First isolated from garden soil |
| Azospirillum melinis | Peng et al. 2006 | Isolated from molasses grass in China |
| Azospirillum oryzae | Xie and Yokota 2005 | Isolated from rice roots in Japan |
| Azospirillum palustre | Tikhonova et al. 2019 | Isolated from sphagnum peat in Russia; Can use methanol as a food source |
| Azospirillum picis | Lin et al. 2009 | Isolated from tar in Taiwan |
| Azospirillum ramasamyi | Anandham et al. 2019 | Isolated from bovine fermentation products in Korea |
| Azospirillum rugosum | Young et al. 2008 | Isolated from oil contaminated soil in Taiwan |
| Azospirillum soli | Lin et al. 2015 | Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan |
| Azospirillum thermophilum | Zhao et al. 2020 | Isolated from a hot spring in China |
| Azospirillum thiophilum | Lavrinenko et al. 2010 | Isolated from a sulfide spring in Russia |
| Azospirillum zeae | Mehnaz et al. 2007 | Isolated from corn roots in Canada |