August Schmarsow
August Schmarsow was a German art historian.
Biography
He was born in Schildfeld, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and was educated in Zurich, Strassburg and Bonn. He became docent of the history of art at Göttingen in 1881, professor there in 1882, at Breslau in 1885, and went to Florence in 1892, and thence to Leipzig in 1893.
In 1888 he founded the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, an institution to promote original research in the history of Italian art, now part of the Max Planck Society, a German state institution.
Literary works
His writings are characterized by sound scholarship and acute criticism. He wrote biographies of David D'Angers, Ingres, and Prudhon in Robert Dohme's Kunst und Kunstler; Raphael und Pinturicchio in Siena ; he also wrote: Melozzo da Forli Giovanni Santi St. Martin von Lucca und die Anfänge der toskanischen Sculptur im Mittelalter Masaccio-Studien, with atlasBarock und Rokoko Grundbegriffe der Kunstwissenschaft Federigo Barocci
Schmarsow is known for his theory of, "space-forming", that he developed in a short Das Wesen von architektonischen Schöpfung and the Grundbegriffe der Kunstwissenschaft. He fundamentally altered the balance between space and mass in favor of the former: prior to his work space was considered to be a void inside the solid building, while the modern architecture treats the structures as means to define the extensions of space. Schmarsow declared that the architectural form should be understood through the movement of visitors through the space and not as an object of stationary observation.