Audiovisual archive
An audiovisual archive is concerned with the preservation and access to films, videos, audio recordings, images, television, radio, and other audio and visual media, as opposed to written documents. In addition to media, it distinguishes itself from other forms of archiving by having its own tradition of theory, body of research, principles, vocabulary, unique skills, as well as specific sets of standards to follow. Changes in technology create challenges with cost, access, preservation, and training.
History
The first audiovisual archives began in the early 20th century. In the second half of the century, technology and formats proliferated, requiring distinct archival practices, standards, and means of access on a global scale.Importance
There is an ongoing conversation about audiovisual archiving existing as a distinct field. The Audiovisual Philosophy and Principles document from UNESCO cites practitioners coming from film, television, and radio rather than established archival training programs as a unique characteristic of audiovisual archivists. Scoped training, certificates, and specialized degrees help make an argument that it is a distinct discipline. Providing access and preservation for audiovisual archival material is "no less important, and in some contexts more important, than other kinds of documents or artifacts."Challenges
As with any kind of archiving, challenges exist with preservation and access. More unique to audiovisual archiving, the diversity of audiovisual materials, both in digital and physical formats, adds a layer of complexity.Another challenge is "an exponentially growing literature base is now beyond the capacity of any one individual to master comprehensively." Whereas archives were largely physical items, the transition to digitized, partly digital, and born-digital works has introduced complications to the field. A proliferation of standards has both helped address these complications and entrench them further.
Concerns like fragility of physical material, copyright, and persistent development of new digital formats provide additional obstacles for audiovisual archives. Large-scale data management and preservation can be expensive and technically challenging.
Principles
Similar to other archives, but modified for specific media, audiovisual archives follow similar principles. Some of these principles are:- provenance: the origin of the record in the collection
- order: preserving the order and arrangement of audio and visual records as they were created or used
- access and use: balancing accessibility for research and education while respecting legal and ethical constraints like copyright and privacy
- preservation: safeguarding audiovisual materials through digitization, storage, restoration, and maintenance
- technology integration: staying current with technologies to ensure the continued usability of digital formats and tools for managing and accessing collections
Standards
Audiovisual archives follow standards and models for consistency, interpretability, clarity, and efficiency. These standards commonly include:- Society of [Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE] The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers Timecode: a standard for synchronizing audio and video, including physical interfaces for transmission of television signals and related data, color bars, test card patterns, the material exchange format, among other standards
- Material Exchange Format (MXF): MXF is a standard file format for the interchange of audio and video material
- PBCore: Developed by the Public Broadcasting Preservation Fellow project, PBCore is a metadata standard specifically designed for audiovisual materials in public broadcasting archives
- FADGI : FADGI provides guidelines and standards for digitization and preservation of audiovisual materials, especially for government agencies
- PREMIS : PREMIS is a metadata standard for digital preservation, including audiovisual content
- OAIS : The OAIS model is a reference model for digital preservation, helping organizations manage, preserve, and provide access to their audiovisual archives
- METS : METS is a standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata about objects within digital libraries, which can be applied to audiovisual materials
- Encoded Archival Description : While primarily used for textual materials, EAD is often adapted for audiovisual collections, providing a standardized way to encode finding aids
- Dublin Core: is a standardized set of metadata vocabulary for describing digital or physical resources.
Formats
Video
Digital preservationists require specific file type information in order to make the best decisions for long-term digital preservation. The following formats have been recommended for images, audios, and videos files: JPEG 2000, TIFF, FLAC, MP3, Wave, Broadcast Wave, Digital Cinema Package, Motion JPEG 2000, MPEG-2, MPEG-4.The Library of Congress releases a Recommended Formats Statement every year, which includes a list of recommended and acceptable formats that are most ideal for preservation and future access. The 2023-2024 preferred video formats are Interoperable Master Format, FFV1, ProRes, MPEG-2, and XDCAM. In the 2023-2024 Recommended Formats Statement, the FFV1 format from was upgraded from an "acceptable" to a "preferred" format for video.