Arawakan languages

Name

Dispersal

Language contact

Languages

• Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,
• Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran,
• Central Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran,
• Piro = Purus,
• Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.

Loukotka (1968)

• Taino / Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are:
• *Taino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were Dominican Republic and the Republic of Haiti.
• *Taino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of Jiguaní, Bayano, and Quivicán; now the last descendants speak only Spanish.
• *Borinquen - once spoken on the island of Puerto Rico.
• *Yamaye - once spoken on the island of Jamaica.
• *Lucaya - once spoken on the Bahamas Islands.
• Eyeri / Allouage - once spoken in the Lesser Antilles.
• - spoken on the eastern part of the island of Trinidad.
• Naparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad.
• Caliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles.

• Arawak / Aruaqui / Luccumi / Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are:
• *Western - spoken in Guyana.
• *Eastern - spoken in French Guiana on the Curipi River and Oyapoque River.

• Wapishana / Matisana / Wapityan / Uapixana - spoken on the Tacutu River, Mahú River, and Surumú River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana.
• Amariba - once spoken at the sources of the Tacutu River and Rupununi River, Guyana.
• Atorai / Attaraye / Daurí - spoken between the Rupununi River and Kuyuwini River, Guyana.

• Mapidian / Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct.
• Mawakwa - once spoken on the Mavaca River, Venezuela.

• Goajira / Uáira - language spoken on the Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual.
• Paraujano / Parancan / Parawogwan / Pará - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela.
• Alile - once spoken on the Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela.
• Onota - once spoken between Lake Maracaibo and the Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela.
• Guanebucán - extinct language once spoken on the Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia.
• Cosina / Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the Serranía Cosina, Goajira Peninsula, Colombia.

• Caquetío - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the Yaracuy River, Portuguesa River, and Apure River, Venezuela.
• Ajagua - once spoken on the Tocuyo River near Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela.
• Quinó - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mérida, Venezuela.
• Tororó / Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristóbal, state of Táchira.
• Aviamo - once spoken on the Uribante River, state of Táchira.
• Tecua - once spoken on the Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacá, Colombia.
• Yaguai - once spoken on the Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela.
• Cocaima - once spoken between the Setenta River and Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela.
• Chacanta - once spoken on the Mucuchachi River, state of Mérida.
• Caparo - once spoken on the Caparo River, Santander, Colombia.
• Támud - once spoken northeast of the Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia.
• Burgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the Burgua River, Santander, Colombia.
• Cuite - once spoken on the Cuite River, Santander, Colombia.
• Queniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the Pereno River.
• Chucuna - once spoken between the Manacacías River and Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia.
• Guayupe - spoken on the Güejar River and Ariari River, Meta territory.
• Sae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region.
• Sutagao - spoken once on the Pasca River and Sumapaz River, Meta territory.
• Chocue / Choque - once spoken on the Herorú River and Guayabero River, Meta territory.
• Eperigua - once spoken at the sources of the Güejar River and near San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory.
• Aricagua - once spoken in the state of Mérida, Venezuela.
• Achagua - spoken on the Apure River and Arauca River in the department of Boyacá and territory of Meta, Colombia.
• Piapoco / Mitua / Dzáse - spoken on the Guaviare River, territory of Vaupés, Colombia.
• Cabere / Cabre - once spoken on the Teviare River and Zama River, Vichada territory.
• Maniba / Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the Guaviare River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Amarizana - extinct language once spoken on the Vera River and Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta.

• Maypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish.
• Avani / Abane - once spoken on the Auvana River and Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.

• Baníva - language spoken on the Orinoco River, especially in the village of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
• Yavitero / Pareni / Yavitano - spoken on the Atabapo River in the village of Yavita.

• Guinau / Inao / Guniare / Temomeyéme / Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the Caura River and Merevari River, state of Bolívar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct.

• Baré / Ihini / Arihini - spoken on the Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Uarequena - spoken on the Guainía River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Adzáneni / Adyána / Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the Caiarí River and on the Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil.
• Carútana / Corecarú / Yauareté-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the Içana River.
• Katapolítani / Acayaca / Cadaupuritani - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil.
• Siusí / Ualíperi-dákeni / Uereperidákeni - spoken on the lower course of the Caiarí River and Içana River and on the middle course of the Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Moriwene / Sucuriyú-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Mapanai / Ira-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River near Cachoeira Yandú, state of Amazonas.
• Hohodene / Huhúteni - spoken on the Cubate River, state of Amazonas.
• Maulieni / Káua-tapuya - spoken on the Aiari River, state of Amazonas.

• Ipéca / Kumada-mínanei / Baniva de rio Içana - spoken on the Içana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia.
• Payualiene / Payoariene / Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the Arara-paraná River.
• Curipaco - spoken on the Guainía River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
• Kárro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the Puitana River.
• Kapité-Mínanei / Coatí-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the Içana River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.

• Tariana / Yavi - spoken in the villages of Ipanoré and Yauareté on the Caiarí River, Vaupés Territory, Colombia.
• Iyäine / Kumandene / Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken.
• Cauyari / Acaroa / Cabuyarí - once spoken on the Cananari River and on the middle course of the Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct.

• Mandauáca / Maldavaca - spoken on the Baria River, Capabury River, and Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
• Cunipúsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the Siapa River.

• Manáo / Oremanao / Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Manaus on the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Arina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River, Amazonas state.
• Cariay / Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Araçá River, and Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.
• Bahuana - spoken between the Padauari River and Araçá River.
• Uaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the Branco River, Negro River, and Araçá River, Amazonas.
• Arauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River and Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only Lingua Geral or Portuguese.
• Dapatarú - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Urubu River and on the island of Saracá, Amazonas.
• Aniba - once spoken on the Aniba River and around Saracá lagoon.
• Caboquena - once spoken on the Urubu River, Amazonas.
• Caburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the Negro River.
• Seden - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Negro River.

• Uirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Marari River, territory of Rio Branco.
• Yabaána / Jabâ-ana / Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the Marauiá River and Cauaburi River.
• Anauyá - spoken by a little known tribe on the Castaño River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.

• Chiriána / Barauána - spoken between the Marari River and Demini River, territory of Rio Branco.

• Yukúna - spoken on the Miritíparaná River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
• Matapí - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near Campoamor.
• Guarú / Garú - spoken on the Mamurá River, Cuama River, and Meta River, territory of Caquetá, Colombia.

• Resigaro / Rrah~nihin / Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the Igaraparaná River near Casa Arana.

• Marawa / Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the Juruá River and Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the Juruá River, Amazonas.

• Araicú / Waraikú - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the Jutai River, Amazonas.

• Uainumá / Ajuano / Wainumá / Inabishana / Uainamby-tapuya / Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the Upi River, a tributary of the Içá River, Amazonas.
• Mariaté / Muriaté - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the Içá River.

• Jumana / Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the Puruê River and Juami River, Amazonas state.
• Passé / Pazé - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Japurá River, and Içá River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese.

• Cauishana / Kayuishana / Noll-hína - now spoken by a few families on the Tocantins River and on Lake Mapari, Amazonas.
• Pariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River.

• Campa / Anti / Atzíri / Thampa / Kuruparia - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru.
• Machiganga / Ugunichire / Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the Mantaro River, Apurimac River, Urubamba River, and Paucartambo River. Dialects are:
• *Chanchamayo - spoken on the Perené River.
• *Catongo - spoken on the Tambo River.
• *Machiringa - spoken on the Apurimac River and Ene River.
• Piro / Simirinche - spoken in the department of Loreto on the Inuya River.
• Chontaquiro - spoken on the Iaco River, Caeté River, and Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil.
• Mashco / Sirineiri / Moeno - spoken on the Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.
• Curia - spoken on the Murú River and Embira River, Acre, now perhaps extinct.
• Quirineri - spoken on the Paucartambo River and Manu River, department of Cuzco.
• Maneteneri - extinct language from the Purus River, Aquirí River, Caspatá River, and Araçá River, Acre territory.
• Inapari / Mashco Piro - spoken between the Tacutimani River and Amigo River, department of Madre de Dios, now perhaps extinct.
• Huachipairi - extinct language once spoken on the Cosñipata River and Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios.
• Kushichineri / Cushitineri - spoken in Acre territory on the Curumaha River by a small tribe.
• Cuniba - extinct language once spoken between the Juruazinho River and Jutaí River and on the Mapuá River, state of Amazonas.
• Puncuri - spoken on the Puncuri River, Acre.
• Kanamare / Canamirim - spoken in the same territory on the Acre, Irariapé River and Abuña River, now probably extinct.
• Epetineri - once spoken on the Pijiria River, tributary of the Urubamba River, Peru.
• Pucapucari - once spoken on the Camisia River and Tunquini River, Peru.
• Tucurina - spoken by a few individuals on the Igarapé Cuchicha River, a tributary of the Chandless River, Acre.

• Ipurina / Apurinã / Kangiti - spoken along the Purus River from the mouth of the Sepatiní River to the mouth of the Yaco River, Amazonas.
• Casharari - spoken by a little known tribe inhabiting the tropical forests between the Abuña River and Ituxí River and on the tributaries, Curequeta River and Iquirí River, in Acre.

• Apolista / Lapachu / Aguachile - extinct language once spoken in the old mission of Apolobamba, province of La Paz, Bolivia.

• Mojo / Ignaciano / Morocosi - spoken on the Mamoré River and on the plains of Mojos, Beni province, Bolivia.
• Baure / Chiquimiti - spoken on the Blanco River and around the city of Baures in the same region.
• Muchojeone - extinct language once spoken at the old mission El Carmen in Beni province, Bolivia.
• Suberiono - extinct language once spoken west of the Mamoré River and the Guapay River, Bolivia.
• Pauna - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Baures River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
• Paicone - extinct language from the sources of the Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.

• Sarave / Zarabe - spoken on the Verde River and Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct.
• Parecí / Arití / Maimbari / Mahibarez - language with dialects:
• *Caxinití - spoken on the Sumidouro River, Sepotuba River, and Sucuriú River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
• *Waimaré - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Verde River and Timalatía River.
• *Kozariní / Pareci-Cabixi - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Juba River, Cabaçal River, Jaurú River, Guaporé River, Verde River, Papagaio River, Burití River, and Juruena River.
• *Uariteré - spoken on the Pimenta Bueno River, territory of Rondônia.

• Chané / Izoceño - formerly spoken on the Itiyuro River, Salta province, Argentina, but now the tribe speaks only a language of the Tupi stock and the old language serves only for religious ceremonies.
• Guaná / Layano - once spoken on the Yacaré River and Galván River, Paraguay, now on the Miranda River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
• Terena - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Miranda River and Jijui River.
• Echoaladí / Choarana - extinct language once spoken in Mato Grosso.
• Quiniquinao / Equiniquinao - once spoken near Albuquerque, now by only a few families on the Posto Cachoeirinha near Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul.

• Waurá - spoken on the Batoví River Mato Grosso.
• Kustenáu - spoken in the same region, Mato Grosso, on the Batoví River and Jatobá River
• Yaulapíti / Yawarapiti / Ualapiti - spoken between the Meinacu River and Curisevú River, Mato Grosso.
• Mehináku / Meinacu / Mináko - spoken between the Batoví River and Curisevú River.
• Agavotocueng - spoken by an unknown tribe between the Curisevú River and Culuene River.

• Marawan / Maraon - spoken on the Oiapoque River and Curipi River, Amapá territory.
• Caripurá / Karipuere - spoken in Amapá territory on the Urucauá River.
• Palicur / Parikurú - once spoken on the middle course of the Calçoene River and on the upper course of the Casipore River, now on the Urucauá River in Amapá territory.
• Caranariú - once spoken on the Urucauá River, now extinct.
• Tocoyene - once spoken in Amapá territory on the Uanarí River.
• Macapá - once spoken on the Camopi River and Yaroupi River, French Guiana, later on the upper course of the Pará River, state of Pará, Brazil; now perhaps extinct.
• Tucujú - once spoken on the Jarí River, territory of Amapá, now perhaps extinct.
• Mapruan - once spoken on the Oiac River, territory of Amapá.

• Aruan / Aroã - originally spoken on the north coast of Marajó Island, Pará, later on the Uaçá River, Amapá territory. A few descendants now speak a French creole dialect.
• Sacaca - extinct language once spoken in the eastern part of Marajó Island.

• Moríque / Mayoruna - spoken on the border of Brazil and Peru, on the Javarí River.

• Chamicuro - spoken on the Chamicuro River, department of Loreto, Peru.
• Chicluna - extinct language once spoken in the same region east of the Aguano tribe.
• Aguano / Awáno - extinct language of a tribe that lived on the lower course of the Huallaga River. The descendants, in the villages of San Lorenzo, San Xavier, and Santa Cruz, now speak only Quechua.
• Maparina - once spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Ucayali River and at the old mission of Santiago.
• Cutinana - once spoken on the Samiria River, Loreto.
• Tibilo - once spoken in San Lorenzo village, Loreto region.

• Amoishe / Amlsha / Amuescha / Amage / Lorenzo - once spoken on the Paucartambo River and Colorado River, department of Cuzco, Peru; now mainly Quechua is spoken.
• Chunatahua - once spoken at the mouth of the Chinchao River, department of Huánuco, Peru.
• Panatahua - spoken in the same region on the right bank of the Huallaga River between Coyumba and Monzón, now perhaps extinct.
• Chusco - once spoken in the same region as Panatahua near Huánuco.