Anna LoPizzo
Anna LoPizzo was an Italian immigrant worker killed during the Lawrence Textile Strike. Her death was significant to both sides in the struggle. Bruce Watson wrote in his epic Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream, "If America had a Tomb of the Unknown Immigrant paying tribute to the millions of immigrants known only to God and distant cousins compiling family trees, Anna LoPizzo would be a prime candidate to lie in it."
Life
LoPizzo, born in Buccheri 26 November 1878 maybe changed her name in Anna LaMonica, lived on Common Street in Lawrence, Massachusetts.Death
On January 29, 1912, officer Oscar Benoit fired on a group of striking workers, hitting and killing LoPizzo. This was affirmed by nineteen witnesses.In the book Roughneck, Peter Carlson writes:
The IWW offered its own account a year after the strike, based upon trial proceedings:
The charges and the trial
The death of Anna LoPizzo was used by the authorities during the Lawrence Strike as a means of disrupting and pressuring the union.Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti, both IWW organizers, were arrested for the murder although they were two miles away at the time of her death. Police claimed that they had been "inciting and procuring the commission of the crime in of an unlawful conspiracy", thus making them "accessories before the fact". The two men were imprisoned without bail until trial. A third man, Joseph Caruso, was later arrested for the murder. However:
Bill Haywood returned to Lawrence to take control of the strike effort.
The trial of Caruso, Ettor and Giovannitti was held on September 30, keeping the two organizers out of action for eight months. At trial, Ettor and Giovannitti were locked in metal cages. The district attorney referred to them as "social vultures" and "labor buzzards". Yet they were not accused of the murder for which they were arrested. All three were acquitted.
Significance of Anna LoPizzo's death
Anna LoPizzo's death on the picket line gave authorities a chance to remove the two main organizers from action for the duration of the strike, but it also became a rallying cry for the workers to demand justice. A few days after LoPizzo's death, "a group of enraged Italian women happened upon a lone police officer on an icy bridge. After stripping him of his gun, club and badge, they sliced the officer's suspenders and took off his pants--a humiliation technique popular with the disorderly women of Lawrence--and dangled the officer over the freezing river".In another protest following LoPizzo's death, "a 22-year-old Syrian immigrant named Annie Kiami stepped in front of the crowd," called the police "Cossacks," and "wrapped an American flag around her body and dared them to shoot holes in ". The protesting women quickly gained a reputation as radicals.
The Lawrence strike was ultimately successful because the workers stayed united in their demands. Business writers began to question employers' and the local authorities' tactics relating not only to the strike, but specifically relating to the handling of Anna LoPizzo's death. One writer concerned about the success of the IWW's organizing tactics was Arno Dosch, who wrote in the magazine The World's Work:
Before the Lawrence Strike and the trial for the death of Anna LoPizzo, many businessmen categorically refused to recognize any unions. After the strike, the American Federation of Labor was courted by some employers, if only as a bulwark against the radical and militant Industrial Workers of the World.
The foreboding on the part of employers resulted from their fears about what this new labor organization, the IWW, actually represented. Thompson quoted Harry Fosdick in the June issue of Outlook in 1912 as saying "Wages have been raised, work has been resumed, the militia has gone, and the whirring looms suggest industrial peace; but behind all this the most revolutionary organization in the history of American industry is building up an army of volunteers. The I.W.W. leaves behind as hopelessly passé, the methods of the American Federation of Labor.
Some believed that the success of the strikers called for other measures. Fosdick quoted a Boston lawyer who stated, "The strike should have been stopped in the first twenty-four hours. The militia should have been instructed to shoot. That is the way Napoleon did it".