Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands, also known as the Hoàng Sa Archipelago and the Xisha Islands, is a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea and currently controlled by the People's Republic of China.
The word paracel is of Portuguese origin, meaning placer, and appears on 16th-century Portuguese maps. The archipelago includes about 130 small coral islands and reefs, most grouped into the northeastern Amphitrite Group or the western Crescent Group. They are distributed over a maritime area of around, with a land area of approximately. The archipelago is located about 220 miles southeast of Hainan Island, equidistant from the coastlines of the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, and approximately one-third of the way between central Vietnam and the northern Philippines. A feature of the Paracel Islands is Dragon Hole, the second deepest blue hole in the world. Sea turtles and seabirds are native to the islands, which have a hot and humid climate, abundant rainfall and may experience annual typhoons. The archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and a seabed potentially containing unexplored oil and gas reserves.
Geography
- Geographic coordinates:
- Coastline:
- Climate: tropical
- Elevation extremes:
- * Lowest point: South China Sea, sea level
- * Highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island
- Natural resources: fish, coral reefs, possible reserves of oil and gas of unknown size
- Natural hazards: typhoons
Climate
air mass. The air mass over the Paracel Islands has about a variation in annual temperature compared to the observed over the Spratly Islands.
Amphitrite group
The Amphitrite group was named after the French frigate Amphitrite, which observed the islands while carrying a Jesuit mission to Canton in 1698–1700.Lying in the northeast of the Paracel Islands at, the group consists of low, narrow islands with sand cays and enclosed shallow lagoons connected by reefs of rock. It is about northwest of Lincoln Island. The group approximately forms an ellipse with a north–south axis of.
The northern section of the group comprises West Sand, Tree Island, and the Qilian Yu sub-group: North Island, Middle Island, South Island, North Sand, Middle Sand, South Sand, and two small sands. The center of the group consists of Woody Island and Rocky Island, approximately south of the southern tip of the eastern extremity of the northern section. The southwest corner of the group is occupied by the Iltis Bank.
The largest island of the Paracels, Woody Island, has over 1,000 residents including fishermen and their families, military personnel, and civilian administrators.
Crescent group
Lying about southwest of the Amphitrite group, at, the Crescent group consists of islands and reefs that form a crescent-like structure from west to east, enclosing a deep central lagoon. The group measures east-west and north–south. All of the islands in the group support vegetation except on their small cays.The islands are named after former senior figures in the British East India Company. Three were members of the EIC's 'Select Committee' in Canton: James Drummond, Thomas Pattle and John William Roberts. Jonathan Duncan was Governor in Council of Bombay, and William Taylor Money was Superintendent of the Bombay Marine.
Money Island lies at the southwest extremity of the group, and has some small cays on the southern side. While the island's English name was named after William Taylor Money, the Chinese name is Jin Yin Dao, a literal translation of "money island".
Antelope Reef, submerged at high tide and containing a central lagoon, lies east of Money Island.
Northeast of this are Robert Island and Pattle Island, separated from each other by a wide deep channel. A weather station was built on Pattle Island in 1932, and a lighthouse and radio station in 1937.
Northeast of this is Quanfu Dao.
Observation Bank, also named Silver Islet, and the Lesser Silver Islet, are the northernmost of the group and contain a small cay.
Just south of them are Yagong Dao and Xianshe Yu.
At the eastern side of the group lies a long boomerang shaped reef with Stone Islet at its north end and Drummond Island at its south end. Near the centre of the reef is Dragon Hole the second deepest known sinkhole in the world.
The Duncan Islands, consisting of Duncan Island and Palm Island, lie approximately west of Drummond Island and about east of Antelope Reef. Kuangzai Shazhou lies about halfway between Palm Island and Antelope Reef.
Other features
Taking as the center of the Paracel Islands, then the Amphitrite Group is ENE, and the Crescent Group is West.Southeast
- Bombay Reef: This elongated reef is situated at the southeastern corner of the Paracel Islands and lies approximately southeast of the Crescent group. With most parts submerged, the reef measures approximately . Bombay Reef encloses a deep lagoon with rocks on its edge.
Eastern sub-group
- Bremen Bank: Located north of Bombay Reef, is the southwesternmost feature of this subgroup. This submerged shallow bank measures approximately in length from northeast to southwest. The shallowest area reaches a depth of about and is located in the southwestern part of the bank.
- Jehangire Bank: East of the Bremen Bank at
- Neptuna Bank: North of the Bremen Bank at
- Pyramid Rock: NE of the Neptuna Bank at
- Lincoln Island: Surrounded by a coral reef, located southeast from the Amphitrite Group at, the island is covered with brushes and fairly high trees, including coconut palm trees. The depth increases sharply on the northern and eastern sides of the island but the southern and south western regions are shallow. An observation post on the western side was found by officers of the German government surveys in 1883. In 1948, Great Britain requested France for permission to use the feature for military exercises.
Northeast
- Dido Bank: Separate from, and NE of, the Eastern sub-group at
(ENE: Amphitrite group)
Northwest
- North Reef: Situated approximately north from the Crescent group and about west-northwest from the Amphitrite group at, the reef is the most northwesterly feature of the Paracel Islands. Most parts of the reef are submerged. There are rugged rocks are around the edge that are barely above water. There is a passage into the lagoon on the southwestern side of the reef.
(West: Crescent group)
Inner southwest
- Discovery Reef: Measuring approximately in length from east to west, and from north to south, the reef is located about south of the Crescent Group at. Completely submerged, the elongated ring structure is the largest single reef in the Paracel Islands. The reef has two large, deep openings into the lagoon on its southern side.
- Passu Keah: This small reef encloses a shallow lagoon and is located about south of the eastern side of Discovery Reef at, approximately east-northeast from Triton Island. The sand cay measures in length.
Outer southwest
- Triton Island: The sand cay supports vegetation and stands on a steep-sided coral reef measuring in length. This southwesternmost island of the Paracels is situated about from Discovery Reef at.
Central
- Vuladdore Reef: Located slightly south of the center of the group at, this mostly submerged reef is orientated east–west and measures approximately by. Some small spiral rocks are to be seen on the reef.
List of entities
| English name | Chinese name | Vietnamese name | Coordinates | Area | Height | Location / notes |
| Amphitrite group | Xuande Qundao | Nhóm An Vĩnh | ENE | |||
| Woody Island | Yongxing Dao | Đảo Phú Lâm | 210 | ? | Center of Amphitrite group | |
| Rocky Island | Shidao | Đảo Đá | 8 | 14 | Connected to Woody Is. | |
| West Sand | Xisha Zhou | Cồn Cát Tây | 4 | 0 | NW of Amphitrite group | |
| Tree Island | Zhaoshudao | Đảo Cây | 22 | 0 | N of Amphitrite group | |
| Qilian Yu Subgroup | NE of Amphitrite Group | |||||
| North Island | Bei Dao | Đảo Bắc | 4 | 0 | N1 of Seven Islets | |
| Middle Island | Zhong Dao | Đảo Trung | 13 | 0 | N2 of Seven Islets | |
| South Island | Nan Dao | Đảo Nam | 17 | 0 | N3 of Seven Islets | |
| North Sand | Bei Shazhou | Cồn Cát Bắc | 2 | 0 | N4 of Seven Islets | |
| Middle Sand | Zhong Shazhou | Cồn Cát Trung | 5 | 0 | N5 of Seven Islets | |
| South Sand | Nan Shazhou | Cồn Cát Nam | 6 | 0 | N6 of Seven Islets | |
| Xixin Shazhou | - | 0.2 | 0 | N7a of Seven Islets | ||
| Dongxin Shazhou | - | 0.4 | 0 | N7b of Seven Islets ; South of South Sand | ||
| Iltis Bank | Yin Shuo Tan | Bãi Bình Sơn | -10 | SW of Woody Island | ||
| Crescent group | Yongle Qundao | Nhóm Lưỡi Liềm | ||||
| Money Island | Jinyin Dao | Đảo Quang Ảnh | 36 | 6 | W end of Crescent group | |
| Antelope Reef | Lingyang Jiao | Đá Hải Sâm | 0 | W Crescent Group, S of Robert Is. | ||
| Robert Island | Ganquan Dao | Đảo Hữu Nhật | 30 | 8 | W of Crescent group; Has a well | |
| Pattle Island | Shanhu Dao | Đảo Hoàng Sa | 31 | 9 | N of Robert Island Has a well | |
| Shanhu Dong'ansha | Bãi Đèn Pha | 0 | E of Pattle Island | |||
| Quanfu Dao | Đảo Ốc Hoa | 2 | 0 | NE of Pattle, SW of Observation Bank | ||
| Observation Bank | Yin Yu | Bãi Xà Cừ | 1 | 0 | NE of Crescent group | |
| Yinyu Zi | Bãi Tiểu Xà Cừ | 0.2 | 0 | SE of Silver Islet | ||
| Yagong Dao | Đảo Ba Ba | 1 | 0 | SW of Observation Bank | ||
| Xianshe Yu | 0 | SW of Observation Bank, W of Stone Islet | ||||
| Shi Yu | 0.2 | 0 | E of Crescent group | |||
| Drummond Island | Jinqing Dao | Đảo Duy Mộng | 21 | 3 | E of Crescent group | |
| Duncan Island | Chenhang Dao | Đảo Quang Hòa | 48 | ? | S of Crescent group | |
| Palm Island | Guangjin Dao | Đảo Quang Hòa Tây | 6 | ? | S of Crescent group | |
| Kuangzai Shazhou | Đảo Sâm Cầm | 1 | 0 | SE of Antelope Reef | ||
| Eastern sub-group | ||||||
| Bremen Bank | Binmei Tan | Bãi Châu Nhai | -11 | Eastern sub-group | ||
| Jehangire Bank | Zhanhan Tan | Bãi Quảng Nghĩa | -12 | Eastern sub-group | ||
| Neptuna Bank | Beibian Lang | Bãi Thuỷ Tề | -15 | Eastern sub-group | ||
| Pyramid Rock | Gaojian Shi | Hòn Tháp | 4 | 5 | Eastern sub-group | |
| Lincoln Island | Dong Dao | Đảo Linh Côn | 160 | 5 | Eastern sub-group "Water can be found on the island" | |
| Other features | ||||||
| Discovery Reef | Huaguang Jiao | Đá Lồi | -4 | Inner SW | ||
| Passu Keah | Panshi Yu | Đảo Bạch Quy | 40 | 0 | Inner SW, S of Discovery Reef | |
| Herald Bank | Songtao Tan | Bãi Ốc Tai Voi | -236 | ESE | ||
| Bombay Reef | Langhua Jiao | Đá Bông Bay | 0 | SE | ||
| Vuladdore Reef | Yuzhuo Jiao | Đá Chim Én | 0 | Central | ||
| Dido Bank | Xidu Tan | Bãi Gò Nổi | -23 | NE | ||
| North Reef | Bei Jiao | Đá Bắc | 0 | NW | ||
| Triton Island | Zhongjian Dao | Đảo Tri Tôn | 120 | 3 | Outer SW |