Alligator bait
Depicting African-American children or infants as alligator bait was a common trope in American popular culture in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Images of African-American children or infants being hunted by or used to lure alligators was widespread in North American white popular culture during the 19th and 20th centuries. The motif was present in diverse forms of media, including newspaper reports, songs, sheet music, and visual art, often appearing in conjunction with other racist tropes. While the use of Black children as bait in alligator hunting is repeatedly mentioned in primary sources, these are often vague and their reliability is disputed. In American slang, alligator bait is a racial slur for African-Americans.
Popular culture
In the American popular imagination, Black children were commonly used as bait for hunting alligators, which are one of the central apex predators of the folklore of the United States, along with cougars, bears and wolves. The reasons for dubbing Black babies "alligator bait" are unknown, but the identification may be a consequence of earlier associations of African crocodilesa relative of American alligatorswith Africa and its people. Alligators largely live in the swamplands of the Southern United States, which were one place people escaping enslavement hid to evade capture. According to popular legend, enslaved people who disappeared in swamps may have been killed by alligators; children were understood as particularly vulnerable to attacks by alligators, and that identification may have evolved into the bait image. Alligator lore draws from "a shared dread of these reptilian creatures that come out of the water to eat dogs and children."The alligator bait image is a subtype of the racist pickaninny caricature and stereotype of Black children, where they were represented as almost unhuman, filthy, unlovable, unkempt, "unsupervised and dispensable." In 19th and 20th century American popular media, stereotyped depictions of Black children were common:
Drawings of Black babies luring alligators were printed by companies like Underwood & Underwood on postcards, cigar boxes, and sheet music covers, The trope also appeared in films and in paintings. The sheet music drawings were almost purely symbolic; the images of Black children being hunted by alligators were not represented in almost any corresponding music, though other songs did have alligator bait as a component. In general, the drawings reinforced the racist belief that Black people were victims to nature, and that their race made it reasonable to assume they should die terribly. Alligator-bait-themed postcards and greeting cards were part of a larger genre of anti-Black racist ephemera known as coon cards. American Mutoscope and Biograph Company produced a pair of short films in 1900 called The 'Gator and the Pickaninny and Alligator Bait. In the former, "a black man with an ax unhesitatingly attacks an alligator that has swallowed a small black boy; as a result, the boy, Jonah-like, is restored." In the latter, according to the film-company catalog, "A little colored baby is tied to a post on a tropical shore. A huge 'gator comes out of the water, and is about to devour the little pickaninny, when a hunter appears and shoots the reptile." Due to the popularity of the idea, letter openers were manufactured in designs resembling alligators, some of which came equipped with small replicas of Black children's heads to be placed in the alligator's mouth.
File:Alligator bait photograph collage lithograph 1897 McCrary & Branson Knoxville Tennessee.jpg|left|thumb|"Alligator Bait" photograph published by McCrary & Branson, 1897 |alt=Nine dark-skinned African-American children, all naked, several with exposed male genitalia, all appearing to be toddlers between ages one and three, sit or stand in a variety of body positions; original caption reads Alligator bait with a copyright notice by McCrary & Branson of Knoxville, Tennessee dated 1897
The title "Alligator Bait" for an 1897 collage of nine African-American babies posed "on a sandy bayou" was supposedly suggested by a hardware-store employee in Knoxville, Tennessee as part of a naming contest with a cash prize. By 1900, the photo had sold 11,000 copies and brought in for McCrary & Branson. In 1964, a New Jersey editorial writer recalled a copy of the photo—meant to "elicit an amused appreciation"—that had once hung in a local shop. The newspaper editor described the image as "immoral" and equivalent to "viciously pornographic pictures." American studies professor Jay Mechling concludes his essay on a similar note:
Adult Black men were presented in a similar manner as the babies: A 2003 Museum of Florida History exhibit called The Art of Hatred: Images of Intolerance in Florida Culture included postcards that "depict black people getting eaten by alligators as a joke. 'Free lunch in the Everglades, Florida' reads one." Such postcards were common well into the 1950s. The image of Black children being put in peril to lure alligators remains present in popular culture in the 21st century.
In her 1994 book Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture, Patricia Turner, an African American studies professor who has researched the alligator bait cultural phenomenon, notes that stories of "alligator bait" are invariably narrated by whites, sometimes grouping "Negroes and dogs" together as similarly overawed with fear of alligators. There are no equivalent stories in 19th and 20th century Black folklore collections.
Turner argues that the repetitive, insistent "alligator bait" iconography of partially clothed young children placed in danger of predation by large reptiles is not so much a stereotype or an urban legend as wishful thinking: "They implicitly advocate...aggression in eliminating an unwanted people...the alligator is an accomplice in an effort to eradicate, or at least intimidate, the black." Mechling is more sexually explicit, arguing that white storytellers use the culturally constructed idea of "alligator-ness" in these images and stories to symbolically emasculate African American and Native American men alike. Claudia Slate, a professor of English at Florida Southern College, makes an analogy to the terroristic practice of lynching in the United States and argues "Containment of African Americans was a top priority for southern whites, and instilling fear, whether by actual ropes or imagined reptile attacks, served this purpose."
Historicity debate
A number of accounts, published mostly between the 1880s and the 1920s, refer to the use of Black children as alligator bait as an apparently real practice. These include various newspaper and magazine articles as well as H. L. Mencken autobiography Happy Days, 1880–1892. Many of these accounts are short and fairly vague. While they are often interpreted as mere jokes and baseless rumors, Franklin Hughes of the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia at Ferris State University in Michigan maintains that at least some of them likely refer to an actual, though not widespread, practice.A detailed description of the process appeared in September 1923 in the Oakland Tribune. The article claimed that hunters in Florida rented Black babies from their mothers for $2. The baby was then placed in or near the water near an alligator's "haunt", with the hunter hidden behind a bush. When the alligator appeared to snatch the baby, it was shot by the hunter and the baby, wet but unharmed, was returned to the mother. The article asserted that this process was actually safe, as "Florida alligator hunters do not ever miss their targets". A number of follow-up articles likewise describing the alleged practice were published by other newspapers.
In 1919 the Florida Department of Agriculture and Florida State Live Stock Association explicitly discouraged any references to "alligators lying in wait for pickaninnies", describing them as harmful for the image of the state and against the commercial interests of its citizens. Hughes notes that while they condemned such depictions and references as an image problem, they made no comments on whether they might have reflected an actual practice. In the same period, some guidebook and newspapers published in Florida rejected the idea that anyone was intentionally using children for alligator hunting. A 1918 guidebook reassured potential tourists that "upon reliable authority will not attack a human, regardless of the fiction that pickaninnies are good alligator bait."
In 1919 a Fort Pierce, Florida, newspaper column complained, "Many years ago this serious error was perpetrated on Florida by an advertising agent of a railroad running through the South ... Florida's portion was pictures of moss hung swamps, rattlesnakes, alligators, and negro babies labelled 'alligator bait' ... this harmful psychology became very popular ... doubtless many foreigners believing that these babies were actually used for alligator bait." In 1926 a columnist for The Eustis Lake Region called it "a piece of Florida fiction going the rounds which ancient spinsters in snowbound lands delighted to repeat as truth. It gave them a feeling of virtuous superiority over the denizens of the pleasant land of Florida."
In May 2013, Hughes argued that due to the number of periodicals which mention the use of Black children as bait for alligators, it likely occurred, though it was not widespread or became a normal practice. Hughes essentially argues that since there was no discernible limit to the dehumanization and degradation of African Americans in the US national history, feeding children to animals for sport cannot be precluded as a possible reality. Four years later, Hughes argued again that it likely occurred, though he also found an article from Time magazine, contemporaneous to one alleged incident printed in newspapers, which denied that the practice ever occurred and that the report was a "silly lie, false and absurd".
In the 19th and early 20th century several stories were printed in American newspapers about the alleged practice. Academics have not assessed the authorship and likely veracity of these scattered news items, but a Snopes article from 2017 was unable to find any meaningful evidence that the practice occurred; Patricia Turner told Snopes it likely never did. The Snopes writer said it was impossible to prove a negative claim, and that no proponents of the historicity of the practice have met their burden of proof by providing any evidence of the practice, although the trope of Black children being the favorite food of alligators was already widespread in the antebellum United States. Jay Mechling's study of the American folklore of the alligator notes that "A common folk idea among whites is that alligators have a preference for blacks as a food source." For example, a 1850 article in Fraser's Magazine reported that alligators "prefer the flesh of a negro to any other delicacy". Per Mechling, the earliest instance of this lore is in a 1565 slave trader's account, and as late as the mid-20th century, in a story by Florida writer Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an alligator forgoes a group of naked white men for the opportunity to gorge itself on an individual Black man instead.