Aly Maher Pasha
Aly Maher Pasha was an Egyptian political figure during the parliamentary era. He was the brother of Ahmad Maher and the great-uncle to Ali Maher El Sayed.
A lawyer, he joined the Wafd Party in 1919 and was a member of the delegation that negotiated with the Milner Commission. Maher joined the Wafd after its first split, standing by alongside Mustafa al-Nahhas. Though he reached the Central Committee of the Wafd, he ultimately left in 1921. He was a member of the 1922 Constitutional Commission, which drafted the 1923 Egyptian Constitution. He was elected to parliament as an independent in 1924, but later joined the conservative royalist Ittihad Party in 1925, becoming its vice president.
He was the under-secretary of the minister of education in 1924 and later the minister of education from 1925 to 1926, minister of finance and education and justice. Maher was a royalist, seeking to improve the reputation of the king in Egyptian society. Around this time he was also office director for King Fuad in 1935 and later King Farouk in 1937, as well as a member of the regency council. During his first ministry, he sought to use Islam as a weapon against the Wafd, portraying the new King Farouk as a religious man. However, Maher's politics were still fundamentally secular, believing that Islam should serve the monarchy, not the other way around. Maher also represented Egypt during the St James Conference, trying to broker an agreement between the Zionists and Palestinians.
His second ministry oversaw the beginning of World War II. He refused to issue a declaration of war against Nazi Germany, arguing that the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty did not technically require one. In a heated conversation with the British ambassador Sir Miles Lampson, he declared that:
if Egypt had sufficient troops to affect the course of the war, he would not have hesitated to declare war against Italy and Germany, but unfortunately Egypt had on her frontier only 5,000 men inadequately provided with transport. A declaration of war would, therefore, only be a spectacular gesture, causing ruin to 16 million inhabitants.
Eventually, his government was dismissed, and was later arrested in April 1942 after creating a secret conservative Officers' Organization. He would later become prime minister again in 1952 following Black Saturday, though his government was quickly dismissed by the king after refusing the issue an Interior Ministry report implicating the Wafd for handling Black Saturday. Mahir was later chosen to form a ministry after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution, but was dismissed again after classes with the Revolutionary Command Council regarding land redistribution.