Agelaia multipicta
Agelaia multipicta is a swarm-founding, highly eusocial wasp that lives in Mexico, Argentina, Trinidad and southern Brazil. It nests in natural cavities such as hollow trees and aggressively defends the nest from ants, who are brood predators. The workers and queens are morphologically distinguished by ovarian development as well as external features such as a larger petiole and gaster in the queen. Like other carrion-eating wasp species, A. multipicta plays a scavenging role in the ecosystem. Agelaia multipicta was described by the Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday in 1836.
Description
James Carpenter's taxonomic key describes characteristic features of this species such as that the "hind-wing with jugal lobe normal, not reduced," and that the head has an occipital carina present. Additionally, in A. multipicta Carpenter notes the "pronotum without sinuous carina" and the "body without pale maculations, cuticle partly to entirely bluish metallic or yellowish with some bluish highlights; head in lateral view with tempera as wide or wider than eye at ocular sinus"The queen and worker castes differ significantly in appearance and ovarian development, reflecting their distinct biological functions. The non-reproductive workers have reduced ovaries and brown coloration of the middle tibia and face between the antennal insertions. Queens have a larger and hairier petiole and gaster and yellow mid tibia and face.
Distribution
A. multipicta is found in Mexico, Argentina, Trinidad and Southern Brazil. Usually, their nests are observed in forest and rural habitats. This may be related to the tendency of A. multipicta to use natural cavities as nest building sites which may be less prevalent in urban areas.A. multipicta is the most abundant wasp species in Matão, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, a well-preserved area which has little variety of wasp species. The area is surrounded by citrus crops. In a study regarding forest fragmentation there were no strong tendency in A. multipicta habitation regarding habitat type, this is probably due to their generalist nature.
Nest structure
Like other wasps in the Epiponini tribe, A. multipicta builds an exposed, single-comb nest, attached with a broad pedicel to its substrate. A. multipictaBehavior
Defense
Behavior of A. multipicta seems to be physically as opposed to chemically influenced. Individuals of A. multipicta display aggression towards some, but not all conspecifics encountered on a food source, possibly indicating the ability to recognize nestmates. This species uses aggressive behaviors to combat ants attempting to prey on their brood. Swarm founding wasps, including A. multipicta, evolved a different defense strategy against ants from species with independent founders, which use chemical repellents. Swarm founders rely on the vigilance of workers on the surface of the nest to prevent ants from reaching the brood. Workers immediately remove ants from the nest by directing blasts through wing buzzing. If this fails to knock the ant off, the worker then throws the ant from the nest with their mandibles. A. multipicta retains a 6th sternal gland, which secretes ant repellent chemical in independent founding species. It is unknown whether the chemical function of the gland is retained in A. multipicta. In addition, there has been no observed use of chemical or any other form of communication between wasps of this species while foraging on carrion.Carrion feeding
Foragers from different colonies have been observed at the same feeding site, suggesting that colony foraging territories overlap. Scramble competition seems to be the main foraging strategy used by this species. A. multipicta is a major egg predator of the harvestman Acutisoma proximum, despite the maternal guarding attempts by this species. These wasps feed on vertebrate carrion itself as well as the larval flies growing on it. This makes A. multipicta both a predator and a necrophage, but the wasps favor fresh carcasses with more meat as opposed to more decomposed carcasses with more flies, suggesting that predation may not be their primary mode of obtaining food resources.It is thought that Polistinae wasps are unable to recruit nest mates to carrion and that there is no communication about food resources in the nest. This idea was supported in an experiment in Brazil where foragers were marked upon arriving at an experimental carrion site. The number of incoming individuals were counted respective to time. There was no notable increase of new wasps going to carrion over time. This included instances of individual wasps returning to the carrion multiple times. This suggests that there is not a lack of opportunity to communicate to nest-mates, but perhaps a lack of ability.
There are several possible explanations for why recruitment to food sources may not occur in this species, but none have been experimentally verified. One possibility is that carrion is relatively rare as a food source for A. multipicta and it was not advantageous enough to drive the development of food sharing communication. A second possibility is that colonies may be unable to effectively compete against with other colony groups for carrion resources, so increasing recruitment would waste energy. A third possibility is that the lack of ability to store carrion reduces the benefit of collecting it in large quantities. If other food sources, such as nectar, were collected and stored, this argument may be supported.