931

By place

North Africa

• The Ummayad Caliphate of Córdoba invades and conquers the city of Ceuta, which was ruled by the Berber dynasty Banu Isam.

  Europe

• Spring - Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, cedes Lower Burgundy to Rudolph II, in return for Rudolf's renunciation of all claims to the Italian crown. He receives the imperial crown, and induces the Italian nobility to recognize his son Lothair II as the co-ruler of Lombardia.
• King Harald Fairhair of Norway dies after a 59-year reign as the Scandinavian nation's first ruler. He divides the kingdom among his many sons to bring peace. Unable to travel through the country - and perform his royal duties, Harald hands over power to his favorite son Eric Bloodaxe, who allegedly kills at least two of his brothers to gain the Norwegian throne that he will hold.
• Rollo, duke of Normandy, dies at Rouen after an 11-year reign. He is the first leader of the Viking settlers to establish an independent dukedom. His eldest son, William I Longsword, becomes the second ruler of Normandy.
• Ramiro II forces the abdication of his brother Alfonso IV and becomes king of León. He has Alfonso and Fruela's three sons blinded in order to make them incapable of ruling.
• Ramiro II expands the border eastwards and captures Burgos and the surrounding land. This land would soon be known as the County of Castile.

  England

• King Morgan Hen of Glywysing and Gwent submits to the overlordship of King Æthelstan, and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.

  Asia

• Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar defeats and kills his rival Asfar ibn Shiruya. He conquers in rapid succession the Abbasid cities of Hamadan, Dinavar, and Kashan, and finally the entire region of Isfahan, which becomes his capital. Mardavij appoints his brother Vushmgir as the governor of Amol.

  By topic

Literature

• Nómina Leonesa, an account of the kings of Asturias and León, is published.

  Religion

• March - Pope Stephen VII dies after a three-year reign. He is succeeded by John XI as the 125th pope of the Catholic Church. His mother Marozia is the powerful senatrix and patricia of Rome.