2 Samuel 13


2 Samuel 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Jerusalem. This is within a section comprising 2 Samuel 9–20 and continued to 1 Kings 1–2 which deal with the power struggles among David's sons to succeed David's throne until 'the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon'.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 39 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis. Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 with extant verses 1–6, 13–34, 36–39.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Analysis

This chapter can be divided into two sections:
  1. The rape of Tamar by Amnon
  2. The murder of Amnon by Absalom
The two sections parallel each other:
  1. A plan was hatched
  2. King David was consulted
  3. Violence erupted
Both sections opened with the same phrase construction hyh + l + Absalom to report that Absalom "had" a sister and Absalom "had" sheep shearers. The victims in both sections unwittingly entered the domains of their attackers, made available to their assailants by King David, with the violence happening around food. The difference is the lengthy description for Tamar's care to her predator before the rape in contrast to very little attention to Amnon before the murder, perhaps to show that Amnon was not an innocent victim.
David played a key role in both episodes, in the first by providing Amnon access to Tamar and in the second by allowing Amnon and Absalom to get together, but crucially, David failed to exact justice for Tamar, and this incited Absalom, Tamar's brother, to take a role of "judge" to punish Amnon by killing him and later he openly took that role to bolster support for his rebellion against David. These episodes involving Amnon, Tamar, and Absalom have direct bearing on David's succession issue.

Amnon raped Tamar (13:1–22)

The crown-prince of Israel, Amnon, son of David and Ahinoam, was deeply attracted to Tamar, full sister of Absalom, both children of David and Maacah. Apparently virgins were under close guard, so Amnon did not have direct access to Tamar, so he had to use trickery suggested by his cousin Jonadab to get Tamar come to take care of him with David's permission. When left alone with Tamar, Amnon raped his sister, ignoring Tamar's plea for having a proper way of marriage, because Amnon was driven not by love but by lust. Although marriage between blood siblings was recorded in the early part of Hebrew Bible, cf. Genesis 20:12, it was later prohibited by Torah, cf. Leviticus 18:9, 11; 20:17; Deuteronomy 27:22. However, the rabbis point out that Tamar was born from David's union with a beautiful captive woman, and that her mother conceived of her during the first act, in which case, the mother had not yet converted to Judaism and the child born of this union had also not yet entered the Jewish community. Tamar required a conversion to the Jewish religion, and although Amnon and Tamar had the same biological father, they were not considered bona-fide siblings and could actually marry each other, as she was a proselyte to the Jewish religion. For this reason, Tamar insisted that their father would not withhold her from him.
Whether this was known to Amnon or not, after the rape, Amnon felt an intense loathing of Tamar, and Tamar's expectation that Amnon would marry her, she was expelled from his sight with contempt. Tamar immediately went into mourning, by tearing the long gown she was wearing as a virgin princess, as a sign of grief rather than lost virginity, as well as putting ashes on the head and placing a hand on the head. Verse 21 notes that David was very angry when he heard, but he did not take any action against Amnon; the Greek text of Septuagint and 4QSam have a reading not found in the Masoretic Text as follows: 'but he would not punish his son Amnon, because he loved him, for he was his firstborn'. Absalom would have resented David's leniency, but he restrained himself for two years, while made a good plan for revenge.
This section has a structure that meticulously places the rape at the center:
The episode began with a description of the relationships among the characters, which is permanently ruptured at the end. David's actions and Tamar actions bracket the center action which is framed by the entrance/exit of Tamar from the room and the verbal confrontations between Amnon and Tamar.

Verse 3

  • "Jonadab": according to the Masoretic Text and Septuagint. The Dead Sea Scroll fragment 4QSam wrote the name "Jonathan".

    Absalom's revenge on Amnon (13:23–39)

The revenge of Absalom toward Amnon was timed to coincide with sheep-shearing festivities at Baal-hazor near Ephraim, which was probably a few miles from Jerusalem, as it was perfectly reasonable for Absalom to invite the king and his servants to the celebrations. David was said to have a slight suspicion of Absalom's personal invitation, so he did not go, but was persuaded by Absalom for his permission to allow Amnon to go. Apparently David did not realize the extent of Absalom's hatred until he was briefed by Jonadab. According to the Septuagint and 4QSam, 'Absalom made a feast like a king's feast'. The murderers were only identified as Absalom's servants and it is obvious that Absalom gave the order to kill and encouraged them. An initial report that all the king's sons had been killed had to be corrected by Jonadab, asserting that it was only Amnon who had died and providing David the information of the reason for Absalom's action, then the king's sons indeed returned along the 'Horonaim road'. During the period of court mourning for Amnon, Absalom took refuge with Talmai, king of Geshur, his grandfather on his mother's side, and stayed there in exile for three years. Fast forward to the end of three years, the narrative records a change in David's 'change of heart' , attributed to his affection for all his sons and perhaps also the realization that Absalom was second in line for succession, thus preparing the way for Absalom's return which is reported in chapter 14. Absalom's temporary exclusion from court was followed by brief reconciliation with David, but Absalom soon set a rebellion which ultimately caused his death, a chain of events which is attributed to the clash of personalities shown in this chapter and chapter 14 between the vindictive and determined Absalom in contrast to the compliant, indecisive, and lenient David.
The structure in this section centers to the scene of Jonadab informing David that Absalom murdered Amnon for the rape of Tamar:
Tamar tried to prevent Amnon from raping her by warning that the action would lead to him being considered a nabal, a Hebrew word for "scoundrel". This epithet connects the story of Amnon's murder to the death of Nabal, the first husband of Abigail, as follows:
  1. Both episodes took place during sheep-shearing season
  2. Nabal and Absalom held celebrations fit for a king
  3. Nabal and Amnon had hearts merry with wine before their death
  4. Both Nabal and Amnon died

    Verse 37

  • "Absalom fled": this phrase was repeated three times in verses 34, 37 and 38, to emphasize that David had then lost three sons: the firstborn of his and Bathseba, Amnon and also Absalom, whereas the third time of the use is to indicate David's change of heart as his animus to Absalom subsided as he was more at ease with the death of Amnon.

    Commentaries on Samuel

General

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