1979 Rhodesian general election

General elections were held in Rhodesia in April 1979, the first where the majority black population elected the majority of seats in parliament. The elections were held following the Internal Settlement negotiated by the Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith and were intended to provide a peaceful transition to majority rule on terms not harmful to White Rhodesians. In accordance with the Internal Settlement, on 1 June, Rhodesia officially became the nation of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, under the government of the United African National Council elected in the 1979 elections. The Internal Settlement was not approved internationally but the incoming government under Bishop Abel Muzorewa did decide to participate in the Lancaster House talks which led to the end of the dispute and the creation of Zimbabwe.

Electoral system

Under the agreement of 1978, the new Zimbabwe Rhodesia House of Assembly was to consist of 100 members. 20 were to be elected on the old roll with property, income and education qualifications, which most black citizens did not meet, and which was previously used to elect the majority of the Rhodesia House of Assembly. 72 seats were elected by the "Common Roll" which every adult in the country had a vote. Owing to the lack of an electoral roll, voters were instead marked with ink on their fingers to stop multiple voting. Once the 92 members had been elected, they assembled to vote for eight White non-constituency members. All the candidates for these posts were members of the Rhodesian Front.
The 20 White Roll members were elected from new constituencies made up of combinations of the previous constituencies. The Common Roll members were elected by province using a closed list system. It was intended to set up a full electoral register and institute single-member constituencies for future elections.

Campaign

The main question in the election campaign was how many Africans would vote in the common roll election. The Patriotic Front parties, Zimbabwe African National Union and Zimbabwe African People's Union, pledged to disrupt the election and called for a boycott. By 1979, all of Rhodesia apart from the central area between Salisbury and Bulawayo was under a form of martial law due to attacks by the Patriotic Front's armies, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army.
In the event the turnout was quite respectable in Mashonaland, although somewhat depressed in Manicaland and Victoria. In Matabeleland South, where ZIPRA was strongest, the turnout was lowest.

Conduct

Neither the nine-member Freedom House observer team or any other international observer teams reported any 'serious irregularities surrounding the counting or tabulation of the poll.' The subsequent Freedom House report noted that all major parties which wished to participate were free to nominate candidates and that any pressures to vote for a particular party 'did not affect the final returns sufficiently to discredit the general results of the elections.' The report concluded that, although the election was not 'fully democratic', 'Rhodesia had never had so inclusive and free an election'.

Results

Common roll

Polling day was 21 April 1979.

Candidates and elected members

* – Subsequently, formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party
** – These candidates had resigned from the United National Federal Party and joined the Zimbabwe United Peoples' Organisation after nominations had closed. It was ruled that their candidatures stood.

White roll

Polling day was 10 April 1979.

Constituency	Candidate	Party	Votes
AVONDALE	John Landau	RF	unopposed
BORROWDALE	Hilary Squires	RF	unopposed
BULAWAYO CENTRAL	Paddy Shields	RF	unopposed
BULAWAYO NORTH	Denis Walker	RF	unopposed
BULAWAYO SOUTH	Wally Stuttaford	RF	4,140
BULAWAYO SOUTH	Francis Robert Bertrand	Ind	500
BULAWAYO SOUTH	Jan Francis Betch	Ind	57
CENTRAL	Rowan Cronjé	RF	unopposed
EASTERN	Desmond Butler	RF	2,538
EASTERN	John Constantinos Kircos	Ind	485
GATOOMA/HARTLEY	P. K. van der Byl	RF	unopposed
HATFIELD	Richard Cartwright	RF	2,672
HATFIELD	Charles James Britton	Ind	334
HATFIELD	Neville Ronald Arthur Skeates	Ind	314
HIGHLANDS	Mark Partridge	RF	unopposed
KOPJE	Dennis Divaris	RF	2,263
KOPJE	Mrs. Esther Rawson	Ind	834
KOPJE	Leslie Thomas Hayes	Ind	28
LUNDI	Theunis de Klerk	RF	unopposed
MAKONI	Jacobus Phillipus du Plessis	RF	unopposed
MARLBOROUGH	William Michie Irvine	RF	unopposed
MAZOE/MTOKO	Cecil Millar	RF	unopposed
MIDLANDS	Henry Swan Elsworth	RF	unopposed
MOUNT PLEASANT	Chris Andersen	RF	unopposed
NORTHERN	Esmond Micklem	RF	unopposed
SOUTHERN	Ian Smith	RF	unopposed
WESTERN	Alec Moseley	RF	unopposed

White non-constituency members

Polling day was 7 May 1979. Eight seats were up for election.

Rank	Party	Votes
1	Trevor Duncan Dollar	71
2	Derek Foxon Gawler	63
3	Wing-Commander Frederick Roy Simmonds	62
4	André Sothern Holland	60
5	Denys Sinclair Parkin	58
6	Bertram Ankers	53
7	Charles McKenzie Scott	52
8	Stanley Norman Eastwood	46
9=	Arthur Denis Crook	20
9=	Wing-Commander Robert Gaunt	20
11	Donald Galbraith Goddard	17
12	Reginald Reed Beaver	15
13	John Cornelius Gleig	12
14	Air Marshal Archibald Wilson	11
15	Jack Mussett	10
16	Albertus Herman du Toit	9

Reactions

The United Nations Security Council passed several resolutions against the "illegal" election, including Resolution 445 and Resolution 448, both of which argued that the election was not representative of the Zimbabwean people and was designed to entrench white minority rule. In these resolutions, the UN declared the results of the election null and void.

Aftermath

Changes during the Assembly

was elected as the Speaker of the House of Assembly on 8 May 1979, and therefore an ex officio member. On 25 May, John Zwenhamo Ruredzo was appointed to replace him.
Robert Siyoka resigned, and was replaced by Sami Thomani Siyoka on 28 June 1979.
On 25 June 1979 James Chikerema led a group of eight elected UANC members in resigning from the party, and on 29 June seven of the eight formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party. Actor Mupinyuri rejoined the UANC shortly after resigning from it. The seven who joined are denoted by asterisks in the lists above. A questionable wording in the electoral law led to the UANC taking legal action to disqualify the seven on the grounds that they had to keep their membership of the party to remain members of the Assembly, but Chikerema was successful in defending the right to break away.
Hilary Gwyn Squires resigned in June 1979, moving to South Africa to take up a legal career. David Colville Smith was returned unopposed as Rhodesian Front candidate for Borrowdale constituency on 24 July 1979.
Terrence Mashambanhaka was murdered on 16 September 1979 after being lured to an ambush at 'peace talks' with ZANLA forces. Abel Muringazuwa Madombwe was appointed to the Assembly to replace him on 27 November 1979.
Theunis de Klerk was killed in a rocket attack on his home on 20 September 1979. Donald Galbraith Goddard was returned unopposed to follow him on 30 November 1979.