1978 in science

The year 1978 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space science

March 2 – Vladimír Remek becomes the first Czechoslovak in space and the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, onboard Soyuz 28.
June 22 – James W. Christy at the United States Naval Observatory discovers Charon, the first moon of Pluto identified.
October – It is first proposed that Janus and Epimetheus are two separate moons of Saturn sharing the same orbit.

James Byerlee determines Byerlee's law which gives the stress circumstances in the Earth's crust at which fracturing along a geological fault takes place.

Fossils of Saint Bathans mammal first collected.
Fossil footprints of bipedal hominini from 3.6M BP found at Laetoli in Tanzania in 1976 are excavated by Mary Leakey's team.
A fossilized partial human cranium is among hominid remains found in Apidima Cave in southern Greece; in 2019 it is announced as dating to more than 210,000 years BP, making it the earliest example of Homo sapiens outside Africa.

May 13 – "Basaglia Law" in Italy requires closing down of all psychiatric hospitals and their replacement with community services.
July 25 – Louise Brown becomes the world's first human born from in vitro fertilisation, in England.
August – Osteocalcin first identified in animal bone.
September 6 – Production of the first genetically engineered synthetic "human" insulin using E. coli by Arthur Riggs and Keiichi Itakura at the Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope National Medical Center in collaboration with Herbert Boyer at Genentech is announced in California.
The rare genetic disorder Pitt–Hopkins syndrome is first described.
Victor Skumin first describes "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome", later known as "Skumin syndrome", a form of anxiety suffered by recipients of artificial heart valves.
Imposter syndrome is first described as a phenomenon.