1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game


On Saturday 28 October 1916, the former Olympic champion swimmer and the later Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, organised an Australian Rules football match in aid of the British and the French [International International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross].
Promoted as the Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London, and "believed to be the first exhibition of Australian football in London", the match was contested between two teams of Australian servicemen who were stationed in the UK the Australian Training Units Team and the Third Australian Divisional Team all of whom were highly skilled footballers, and the majority of whom had already played senior football in their respective states prior to their enlistment.
The Third Australian Divisional team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 to 4.12.

Origin

The match was suggested by Sir John Monash, then in command of the 3rd Australian Division, with the complete support of Brigadier-General Sir Newton Moore, former Premier of Western Australia and, at the time, General Officer Commanding Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom. Both agreed that, if at all possible, the game should be played in London, rather than on the Salisbury Plain:

Monash's views on the value of sport

Despite not being an athlete himself, Monash firmly believed in the power of sport to boost troop morale and keep his soldiers fit for war.
On the evening of Saturday, 17 January 1920, for instance, in his response on behalf of the Army to the toast "The Navy and Army" at a dinner at Scott's Hotel, Melbourne, hosted by the president of the Victorian Cricket Association, Donald Mackinnon, for the visiting AIF Cricket team, Monash made his position on the value of sport unequivocally clear:

Planning

The two generals chose Lieutenant-Colonel C.A. Keatinge Johnson, then Commander of the A Group Training Brigade on Salisbury Plain, to be responsible for the arrangements; and, if possible, he was asked to select two first-class teams.
Keatinge-Johnson directed Major C.W. St John Clarke to begin the planning.
St. John-Clarke, in turn, appointed Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire who was in the UK at the time as a commissioner of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), and serving with the 3rd Division to be responsible for the 3rd Division, and Lieutenant H. Bartram of the 2nd Brigade, to be responsible for the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th Divisions. Beaurepaire and Bartram immediately set to work and established an office in London. The match took almost three months to organise.

Participants

The members of the team squads had been chosen on the basis of their footballing skills.
The majority of those chosen had already played senior football in their respective states, and a number of them had also played interstate representative football:
  • Three squad members F.R. McGargill, P.J.H. Jory, and J.T. Cooper had represented their respective States at the Second Australian National Football Carnival, in Adelaide, in August 1911.
  • Three squad members J. Brake, J.H. James, and W.I. Sewart had represented Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, at the MCG, on 6 July 1912, and three J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, and W.I. Sewart had represented Victoria in the return match, against South Australia, in Adelaide on 10 August 1912.
  • Three squad members J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, and B.M.F. Sloss had represented Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, in Adelaide, on 12 July 1913, and two J.H. James and B.M.F. Sloss had represented Victoria in the return match against South Australia at the MCG on 16 August 1913.
  • Nine squad members F.R. McCargill, J. Pugh, J.W. Robertson, J. Brake, J.T. Cooper, C.H. Lilley, J.H. James, B.M.F. Sloss,, and D. Scullin had represented their respective States at the Third Australian National Football Carnival, in Sydney, in August 1914.
  • One squad member, J.H. James, would go on to represent Victoria in the interstate match against South Australia, in Adelaide, on 24 July 1920.
  • One squad member, C.L. Hoft, would go on to represent Western Australia at the Fourth Australian National Football Carnival, in Perth, in August 1921, South Australia at the Fifth Australian National Football Carnival, in Hobart, in August 1924, and, once again, South Australia at the Sixth Australian National Football Carnival, in Melbourne, in August 1927.
Despite their individual skills and expertise, those eventually chosen from the prospective squads to play on the day had not really been able to practice together as teams prior to the match.

Promotion

The match was promoted as the "Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London":

The official programme

As well as providing a clear explanation of the game, which made it easy for spectators to follow, the official printed programme provided the names and numbers for the members of each squad's extended list of "possibles" 25 for the Third Australian Division, and 26 for the Combined Training Units from which the 18 players for the day in each team were to be selected.

Team lists

It is obvious from the differences in references to the same individual in various parts of the programme for instance, "Fred Lindsay" vs. "Dan Lindsay" ; "Cecil Hart" vs. "Cecil J. Hartt", etc. that, rather than a written draft of the programme having been created and cross-checked against all available artistic, sporting, and military records by a single, dedicated, and well-informed official, and the cluster of pages from which the programme was subsequently constructed having been imagined and, then, realised by a single creative designer, the entire programme was a set of associated fragments, each constructed by different individuals to whom various aspects of the various tasks involved had been delegated at different times, and all of which had been hurriedly aggregated together at last moment by some other person.
Consequently, the lists of squad members and match officials in the programme not only contain typographical errors, but also some outright mis-identifications of specific individuals and/or their original football teams, all of which have been corrected and are accurately identified below which, allowing for the changes due to differences in age, health, and physical fitness, and the consequences of their military service, are clearly those of the same individual that appears in the relevant team photograph taken on the day except, that is, for the goal umpire "S.M Keen", the Third Division's "L. Martin, University", and "L.V. Brown, Brighton", and the Training Units' "Maxfield, Fremantle", "Bennett, Ballarat", and "McDonald, Essendon", whose respective identification-puzzles seem impossible to resolve.
However, given that all of the players were serving soldiers whose stamina, current states of health, post-injury and post-wound levels of physical fitness-for-football, respiratory capacities, and/or immediate demands of their military duties might make them suddenly available for instance, Jack Cooper's condition had only just recovered enough from being gassed in France for him to be able to play for the Training Units team it is not surprising that the names of two of the unexpectedly-available-on-the-day players were missing from their respective squad's list in the published programme.

Cartoon sketches by Australian artists

The official programme also presented a small collection of sketches by six well-known Australian artists resident in London at the time, all of whom "gave their services gratuitously":
  • Will Dyson: William Henry Dyson, the husband of Ruby Lindsay. At the specific suggestion of the High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom, the former Australian Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, Dyson was appointed as the first official Australian "war artist" in December 1916.
  • Cecil L. Hartt: Cecil Lawrence Hartt, having enlisted in the AIF at the age of 30, he was seriously wounded in his right thigh and left ankle fighting with the Anzacs at Gallipoli on 28 August 1915. Invalided to England, he was recuperating in the Reading Military Hospital at the time of the match. He did not recover enough to resume active service, and was repatriated to Australia in June 1918, discharged as medically unfit for service in July 1918; and, in May 1930, most likely due to his on-going post-traumatic stress and the sequelae of his war injuries, he committed suicide.
  • Fred Leist: Frederick William Leist, cartoonist, graphic artist, and painter; another official Australian "war artist", appointed later than Will Dyson.
  • Ruby Lind: that is, Ruby Lindsay, the sister of Norman, Percy, Lionel, and Daryl Lindsay, painter, cartoonist, poster-designer, book illustrator, and the wife of Will Dyson. She died on 12 March 1919 during the Spanish flu pandemic.
  • Dan Lindsay: that is, Daryl Ernest Lindsay N.B.: not the famous "Fred Lindsay" mistakenly listed as the cartoon's contributor on page 2 of the programme the brother of Lionel, Norman, Percy, and Ruby Lindsay; the brother-in-law, and former batman of Will Dyson. Known to his friends as "Dan", he was the husband of Joan Lindsay, author of Picnic at Hanging Rock. His contribution to the programme was one of the first of his cartoons to be published, and its subject reflects the fact that, for at least four years prior to his enlistment, Lindsay had worked in remote Queensland as a jackaroo.
  • *Although famous for his later production of a wide range of watercolours and other works of art relating to soldiers and warfare, Daryl Lindsay's art made a very substantial contribution to the advancement of military reconstructive surgery with the extensive set of images he produced for Sir Harold Gillies, while serving in 1918 and 1919 as the specialist, in-house "medical artist" at the specialist military hospital at Sidcup, in Kent.
  • Laurie Tayler: Laurence Bush Tayler, painter, graphic artist, and illustrator.

Sales

No special sale price was fixed for the programmes. A staff of 80 girls, each of whom carried their allocation of programmes in a basket decorated with the green and gold colours of Australia, volunteered to dispose of them, and a prize was offered for the girl whose work netted the best returns. The winning girl handed in more than £70:

The football

Two hand-stitched footballs were made for the match by Corporal C.C. McMullen, who had been a leatherworker at Henry Fordham's football factory in Sydney Road, Brunswick, prior to his enlistment in the First AIF. The Fordham footballs i.e., contrasted with the "Sherrin" footballs that had been especially designed to facilitate the stab-kicking of the Collingwood footballers were being used in the West Australian Goldfields League as early as 1907. Also, Fordham footballs were the official ball for the Victorian Football Association for fourteen years in the 1920s and 1930s.
The balls that McMullen made for the match were marked "The AIF Ball" on one side, and "Match II" on the other. One of the balls is currently on display at the Dandenong/Cranbourne Sub Branch of the RSL.
  • "Match II" was a generic descriptor, used by Fordham, Ross Faulkner, the Melbourne Sports Depot, and other football manufacturers, to identify Australian Rules footballs that were of such quality that they could be used in First XVIII VFL matches.

Match officials

Field umpires: S.R. Gray, squatting, at the extreme right of the front row in the Divisional Team photograph, and George Barry, second umpire from the left, holding the ball, in the front row of each photograph.Boundary Umpires: Thomas Sinton Hewitt, third umpire from the left in the front row of each photograph. and E.J. "Eddie" Watt, umpire at left in the front row of each photograph.Goal Umpires: Lieutenant A.E. Olsson, and S.M. Keen.

Third Australian Divisional Squad

The Divisional Team played in the blue guernsey which had been made in London especially for the match, that had a large white map of Australia on the centre of its front, and in white shorts.

The team

The eighteen players that took the field were:

Squad members not selected

Eight of those listed in the official programme as members of the Third Division's squad; who, although "selected to go to London and hold themselves in readiness if required to play", did not take the field that day:

Australian Training Units Squad

The Training Units played in the red guernsey which had been made in London especially for the match, that had a large white kangaroo on its left breast, and in white shorts.

The team

The eighteen players that took the field were:

Squad members not selected

Eight of those listed in the official programme as members of the Training Group's squad; who, although "selected to go to London and hold themselves in readiness if required to play", did not take the field that day:

Saturday, 28 October 1916

The game was played at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on the cold, bleak, overcast, and windy late-Autumn afternoon of Saturday, 28 October 1916, before a crowd that was estimated at 3,000, by many, 5,000, by some, and as many as 6,000 by others. There's no doubt that the considerably smaller-than-expected crowd almost exclusively limited to those expressly invited to the match, and those Australian servicemen who took advantage of the leave that Monash had granted them on the day was entirely due to the consequences of the inclement weather.
A very strong goal-to-goal wind favoured one end of the ground, and the playing field itself was the wrong shape and the wrong size: it was considerably shorter and narrower than the sorts of field the players were accustomed to playing upon back in Australia it measured at 120 yards wide and 180 yards long and this significant reduction in the overall available playing area contributed to somewhat more congested play, at times, than usual.
The match began at 3PM local time. It was played over four 20-minute quarters and, over and above those 80 minutes of elapsed playing time, the three additional breaks between the quarters meant that on such a gloomy day the final minutes of the match were played in very, very poor light conditions.

The match

The Third Australian Divisional Team was the pre-match favourite; at the time of the match they were in much better shape, mainly because, unlike those of the First, Second, Fourth, and Fifth Divisions, the soldiers of the Third Division were the only ones who had not yet seen any active overseas service. The Divisional team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 to 4.12.

Player positions

According to the records supplied to Vic Johnson by Italo Cesari in 1954, the Training Units players' positions were:
Backs:H.J. Boyd D. Scullin McDonald
Half-Backs:J.T. Cooper C.J. Perry E.F. Beames
Centres:S.C. Martin G.B. Bower T. Paine
Half-Forwards:H.C. Kerley T.S. Hosking A.M. Moore
Forwards:Maxfield A. Jackson O.R. Armstrong
Followers:C. Donaldson I. Cesari P.G. Trotter

First quarter

The two captains met in the centre of the ground. The Training Unit's captain, Charlie Perry, won the toss, and chose to kick with the wind to the northern end of the ground. The match started off at a brisk, enthusiastic pace, with both sides competing strongly and, to the spectator's delight, displaying the game's characteristic "high marking and long kicking". Although the Training Units team had the advantage of the strong wind, its inaccurate kicking resulted in just two goals, whilst the Divisional team was restricted to a score of two behinds mainly due to the outstanding efforts of the training Unit's Percy Trotter and Clyde Donaldson.

Second quarter

Kicking with the strong wind, with Jack Brake, Hughie James, and Les Lee "marking magnificently", and with Cyril Hoft "sparkling" on the wing, the even-less-accurate Divisional team could only kick two goals, whilst the Training Units team was restricted to just 2 behinds. Percy Jory kicked a goal with a drop-kick. At half-time, the Divisional team was leading by 3 points.

Third quarter

The third quarter was considered to be "the best of the match". It was notable for the play moving rapidly backwards-and-forwards up and down the ground the "play rocked to and fro in a buzzing, tense atmosphere", thrilling the crowd with the "strong ruck clashes", the "swift passing", the "long drop-kicking", and the "finger-tip marks" and with the backlines of each team dominating their forward opponents. The Training Units team, which had kicked two goals to the Divisional team's 2 behinds, had a lead of 8 points at the three-quarter time interval.

Last quarter

As the match progressed it was becoming increasingly obvious that the match fitness of the players, and not just the strong wind favouring one end of the ground, would play a large part in the final result of the match. Kicking with the wind, and in "a particularly fierce last quarter" that was "full of fire and color " in which "both sides striving mightily", with "their military blood up, the 36 men played with fanatical fervor ", Les Lee, Hughie James, and Dan Minogue gained ascendancy in the ruck, and the Divisional team drew away from the tiring Training Units team, scoring four goals to 3 behinds, and winning the match by 16 points.

Post-match

In 1937, Dan Minogue recalled that, "the match was played on a Saturday afternoon. The soldiers who had taken part in it had leave in London till Sunday night. This they celebrated in true Digger style."

Progressive and final scores

Goals:
  • * Divisional: Moyes, Willis, Jory, and Lee.
  • * Training Units: Moore, Paine, Maxfield, and Armstrong.Best Players:
  • * Divisional: James, Moyes, Willis, Brake, Minogue, Alley, Lilley, Little, Mills, Foy, and Lee.
  • * Training Units: Perry, Trotter, Cooper, Bower, Kerley, Paine, Armstrong, Martin, and Scullin.

Profits

The admission charges to the match were 1/-, 2/6 and 10/-. The profits of the match which included a donation of £5/5/- from Lord Stanfordham, the private secretary to King George, and a donation from the former Governor-General of Australia, Lord Denman and the proceeds from the sales of programmes eventually came to £1000, all of which went to the British and Red Cross Societies.

Press reports

]
Overall, the accurate, interesting, and matter-of-fact press reports of the exhibition match provided a strong and long-overdue contrast to what Richardson usefully identifies as the "misguided mythology" that was ever so firmly embedded in the questionable characterisation echoing the widely quoted sentiments of Henry Newbolt's poem Vitaï Lampada made early in the war, of the Australian "digger" as a fierce footballer playing on another field. See, for instance:
  • The poem by George Shand, the Victorian lawn-tennis identity: "The Sportsmen's Brigade", at
  • Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett's article "A Race of Athletes", written at Gallipoli, and reprinted at
  • The article "Deeds that Thrill by our Athletes and Sportsmen: Rushes of the Football Field Repeated with the Bayonet Against the Turks: Australasians who have played the Part Hero ", at
  • The headline references to how "Players of our National games heed Imperial Summon to Grandest Game of all—Bearing Arms", at
  • The article ""Going into Battle is like Great Football Rush", says a Soldier: Invalided Home, Private Anderson tells of Colonial Sporting Grit in War", at
There were also the extraordinary claims, made in some quarters, that the footballers who had enlisted were somehow more robust and less likely to be injured than their non-footballer comrades; and Brosnan's remarks, made a year later, in relation to the manner in which the footballer's sporting background contributed to their value as a recruit, reflected similar views:
The match reports spoke of a hotly contested game of Australian football that was, without doubt, being enjoyed beyond measure by those who played on that special day when, just for a moment, they were elite footballers once again and, inescapably, many of whom would either die later or sustain lifelong injury, debilitating mental issues, and/or the ongoing physical sequelae of medical conditions connected with their fight against a real enemy.
Beyond this, the match had quite a different significance for various sorts of individuals. Some treated it as just an event, others saw it as a sporting contest, many "imperial" Britons viewed it as a fascinating exhibition of an unusual and different "colonial" pastime an obvious parallel to the for-general-interest-only presentation of a demonstration sport, such as Basque pelota, at an Olympic Games and, for most Australians, it was far more than just a social match: given the skill, experience, and background of those selected to play on the day, and the overall strength of the two teams, they afforded the match a status of at least the equal of an interstate representative game, if not an ANFC Carnival match.
The various press reports also reflected a wide range of different motivations. From one perspective, the exhibition match of Australian football brought to mind the pre-war proposals by former St Kilda footballer and coach Jim Smith for a 25-match tour of the world commencing with the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, in San Francisco, California, in March 1915 and, from thence, across America, and on to England, France and South Africa with a squad of 45 Victorian footballers, to advertise and promote the Australian game; and, further, the 1916 match seemed to suggest the reasonable possibility of the game's successful promotion in the UK and overseas once the war was over. However, it was not until the match between the RAAF and HMAS Shropshire, at Hyde Park, London, organised by ex-Collinwood footballer and later ANFC secretary Bruce Andrew, that a second exhibition match was held in the UK. A third match, contested between RAAF HQ and the RAAF's No.10 Squadron, took place, soon after, at Hyde Park on 8 January 1944.

The Australian press

In late September 1916, it was announced in the Australian press that "General Monash has granted a holiday for an exhibition of Australian football arranged to take place in London, early in October". A week before the match, the Australian press noted that, "Australian soldiers are introducing Australian football into Britain. Strong teams have been formed at Salisbury and London, and an exhibition game will be played in London on the 28th, when it is expected that Royalty will be present." Several days later, the press noted that, "Members of the competing teams in the Australian ".
Following the match, although a number of brief reports of the event were published immediately after the match, such as,
the small number that did provide a match report, only supplied a two paragraph description of the match itself, and failed to supply any detailed list of participants.
In his own brief report for The Winner on the match in the week following the match, which was, to a considerable extent, embellished by the pre-match correspondence he had already received relating to the match's participants, Gerald Brosnan lamented the lack of relevant information in the cable reports, and observed that " details by mail will be anxiously awaited".
Ten weeks later, Brosnan's second article not only contained a detailed first-person account of the events of the day from The Winner's London-based correspondent, E.A. Bland, but, also, Bland's description of first-time spectators' impressions of Australian football. Observing that, notwithstanding the significant fact "that these were scratch teams which had few chances of getting together", the presence of "such a galaxy of stars" meant that "the individual play was at times brilliant and spectacular", and recording that he, Bland, as a first-time spectator, came away from the match with the strong impression that the game "was faster than either Soccer or Rugger", he also reported that "the "high marking" which seemed to be the feature of the game which attracted most attention was extraordinarily good". Brosnan's article, which supplied a photograph of each team, also included extensive extracts taken directly from the four major British sporting papers, Sporting Life, The Sportsman, The Times, and The Weekly Despatch.
In his final article on the match, published three weeks later, and unique in the level of match detail it contained, Brosnan explained that "later details of the match, contained in letters from players, and from spectators, have since arrived, and will no doubt prove of interest to the great number of football followers as well as to the general body of sports-loving public here".

The New Zealand press

The reports that appeared in the New Zealand press took the form of brief, simple news items.

The British press

Although number of brief excerpts from the reports in Sporting Life, 'The Sportsman, The Times, and The Weekly Despatch were published from time to time in the Australian press i.e., rather than being offered as sports reports of the match, they were presented as examples of the amusing British descriptions of Australian football it seems that Brosnan's second article was the only place at which the relevant sections of all four of the British articles were published in the Australian press. The contents of an entirely different fifth article, taken from The Referee of London, was published in The Record of 6 January 1917.
The British reports concentrated on the match as an event, rather than a contest; and were, thus, devoid of the normal sorts of descriptions of the patterns of play, the performance of prominent individuals, particular match incidents, and the progression of the scores.
With the reasonable intention of providing their British readers with some sense of the experience they had missed in person, the reports described the similarities and differences between the Australian game and those their readers already knew: rugby union, rugby league, and soccer the pitch upon with it was played, the layout of its goal-posts, its requisite skills, its rules, its scores, its four quarters, the standard player positions, the level of athleticism demanded of its players, etc.
Consequently, they tended to focus on the absence of the "off-side" rule, kicking long drop-kicks, and kicking long and accurate place-kicks. Also, unique features of the game, such as the stab-kick, high marks, bouncing the ball on the run, and being able to kick in any direction were stressed: and, in particular, the extraordinary spectator practice, displayed on the day to some considerable extent by the Australians present: that of barracking.

The American press

On 19 November 1916, the New York Times published a photograph, taken during the match, of a large pack of players contesting for a mark.

The French press

On 20 November 1916 the French newspaper,, published a version of a photograph that had been taken during the match of a large pack of players contesting for a mark, under the title "Les Australiens guerriers et sportifs".

Records of the day

News film

A film was taken at the match. A remastered and colourised version of the original film was released in 2019.

Team photographs

Two official photographs were taken of each team prior to the match by the same photographer.
  • Third Divisional Team
  • * ': In the collection of the Australian War Memorial.
  • * ': In the collection of the Australian Sports Museum.
  • Training Units Team
  • * ': In the collection of the Australian War Memorial.
  • *': In the collection of the Australian Sports Museum.

Frank Beaurepaire's presentation set of team photographs

In celebration of the match, Frank Beaurepaire commissioned a souvenir set of the team photographs displaying ' and ' which he donated to the Collingwood football Club; and, as of 2022, there is no evidence that any other football club received a similar souvenir set of photographs from Beaurepaire.
The mounting boards of the souvenir sets were decorated with a British Union Jack and an Australian Red Ensign, with "Australian Football in London. Pioneer Exhibition Game. At Queen's Club, West Kensington. Saturday 28 Oct. 1916" at their head, and "Organizer of Match & Donor of Photos to Club Lieut. Frank Beaurepaire" at their feet. They were mounted especially for presentation by the Allan Studio, of 318 Smith Street, Collingwood.

Centenary match (2017)

On Saturday, 6 May 2017, at West London's Chiswick Rugby Club, the 1916 Pioneer match was commemorated, when the two 2016 AFL London Grand Final teams West London Wildcats and Wandsworth Demons played each other in the opening round of the 2017 competition; with the West London Wildcats wearing navy blue guernseys featuring a large white map of Australia, and the Wandsworth Demons wearing red guernseys featuring a large white kangaroo.

Official programme

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Film

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Photographs

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Other references

  • Anon., "News in Brief", The Times, Issue 41309,, p. 15, column B.
  • Anon., "Australian Football: Novel Match At Queen's Club", The Times, Issue 41311,, p. 11, column C.':
  • Atkinson, G. Everything you ever wanted to know about Australian rules football but couldn't be bothered asking, The Five Mile Press: Melbourne..
  • Blackburn, Kevin, War, Sport and the Anzac Tradition, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ", The Winner,, p.7.]
  • Cullen, Barbara, Harder than Football: League Players at War, Richmond: Slattery Media Group.
  • de Lacy, H.A. (1949),
  • ',
  • Hogan P: The Tigers Of Old, Richmond FC,, 1996.
  • Holmesby, R. & Main, J., This Football Century: "The Greatest Game of All", Wilkinson Books,, 1996.
  • Main, J. & Allen, D., Fallen — The Ultimate Heroes: Footballers Who Never Returned From War, Crown Content,, 2002.
  • Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club,, 1996.
  • Richardson, N., The Game of Their Lives, Pan Macmillan Australia: Sydney.
  • Ross, J., 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking,, 1996.
  • Sharland, W.S. "Jumbo", '
  • ',