1680 in England

Incumbents

• Monarch – Charles II

Events

• 24 January – William Harris, one of the four English Puritans who established the Plymouth Colony and then the Providence Plantations at Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on 23 February, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.
• February – Rev. Ralph Davenant's will provides for foundation of the Davenant Foundation School for poor boys in Whitechapel.
• 24 March – The Earl of Shaftesbury informs the Privy Council of England that the Roman Catholics of Ireland are about to launch a rebellion, backed by France. The investigation falsely leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett.
• 27 March – The London Penny Post delivery service begins operations after being created by Robert Murray and William Dockwra, with a policy of delivering letters to any part of London or its suburbs for the price of one penny.
• 10 June – England and Spain sign a mutual defence treaty.
• 11 June – Elizabeth Cellier, a Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government.
• 21 October – Charles II's fourth parliament assembles. The term Whig comes to be used for those in favour of the Exclusion Bill and Tory for those who oppose it.
• 4 November – a second Exclusion Bill is proposed to exclude the Catholic James, Duke of York from inheriting the throne.
• 15 November – the Exclusion Bill is defeated in the House of Lords.
• 17 November – the Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the Whigs, organises a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.
• 7 December – William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, is condemned to death by perjured evidence in the House of Lords for conspiracy in the supposed "Popish Plot".
• Undated
• * First fire insurance office established, the Phoenix.
• * Trinity House erects a lighthouse on St Agnes, Isles of Scilly.

Births

• 23 January – Joseph Ames, author
• 14 February – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, privy councillor
• 20 June – Sir John Aubrey, 3rd Baronet, politician
• 12 October – Arthur Collier, philosopher
• Blackbeard, pirate
• John Colson, mathematician
• Barnabas Gunn, organist and composer
• John Machin, mathematician
• Sarah Derith, politically active salon hostess

Deaths

• 2 January – John Jolliffe, politician and businessman
• 14 January – George Carteret, statesman
• 18 January – John Hervey, courtier and politician
• 20 January – Ann, Lady Fanshawe, memoirist
• 23 January – Capel Luckyn, Member of Parliament
• February – Ralph Davenant, rector, founder of Davenant Foundation School
• 17 February – Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, statesman and writer
• 16 May – Sir William Blackett, 1st Baronet, of Matfen, Member of Parliament
• 22 May – Richard Sawkins, pirate
• 18 June – Samuel Butler, satirical poet
• 26 July
• * Sir Hugh Smith, 1st Baronet, Member of Parliament
• * John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, poet
• 20 August – William Bedloe, informer
• 24 August – Thomas Blood, thief of the English Crown Jewels
• 9 September – Henry Marten, regicide
• 11 September – Roger Crab, Puritan political writer
• 17 October – Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, illegitimate son of Charles II, died at siege of Tangier
• 9 November – Hungerford Dunch, politician
• 30 November – Peter Lely, painter
• 8 December – Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, politician
• 29 December – William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, martyr
• December – Elizabeth Killigrew, Viscountess Shannon, courtier and royal mistress
• Cornelius Essex, pirate
• Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet, Member of Parliament