Dental click


Dental 'clicks' are a family of click consonants found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia.
In English, the tut-tut! or tsk! tsk! sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleased dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is, a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from a lowercase L or capital I. Either letter may be combined with a second letter or a diacritic to indicate voicing and the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.

Dental click consonants and their transcription

In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks in these three transcriptions are:
The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.
In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA,, or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter.

Features

Features of dental clicks:
Dental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages, such as Zulu and Xhosa. In the Nguni languages, the tenuis click is denoted by the letter c, the murmured click by gc, the aspirated click by ch, and the nasal click by nc. The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc.
The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized:.
Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut, as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German, Hungarian, Persian, Portuguese, Russian Spanish and French speakers use the dental click in a similar way as English.
The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Indo-European Pashto, and Persian where it is transcribed as نچ/noch and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question. It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish, Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head.