Isa (name)


Isa is a Classical Arabic name which is the name of Jesus in the Quran.
While its most common association is with the religious context, its meaning outside of this is generally linked to divine blessings, salvation, and gifts from God.

Etymology

The English form of the name "Jesus" is derived from the Latin Iēsus and the Classical Latin INRI, which in turn comes from. The Greek is a Hellenized form of the Hebrew name Yeshua, which is in turn a shortened form of, English Joshua. East Syriac literature renders the pronunciation of the same letters as ishoʿ /iʃoʕ/. The Peshitta preserves this same spelling.
The Encyclopedia of the Qur'an by Brill Publishers quotes scholarship that notes that the Greek name Iesous, Ἰησοῦς, also is known to have represented many different Biblical Hebrew names "Josephus used the Greek name lesous to denote three people mentioned in the Bible whose Hebrew names were not Yeshua' or Y'hoshua'. They were Saul's son Yishwi, the Levite Abishua' and Yishwah the son of Asher.... Josephus furnishes important evidence for the wide variety of Hebrew names represented in Greek by Iesous."
Also, the classical theologians Clement of Alexandria and Cyril of Jerusalem both stated that the Greek name Iesous was allegedly Jesus' original name.
There is a major discrepancy between the Hebrew/Aramaic and Muslim Arabic forms of this name, since the Hebrew form of this name has the voiced pharyngeal ʿayin or ʿayn ع consonant at the end of the name, while the Muslim Arabic form عيسى ʿīsā has the ʿayn at the beginning of the name. It is also similar in the vowels to an Aramaic version of Jesus, viz. Īshoʿ. and Arabic ʕīsa .]
Scholars have been puzzled by the use of ʿĪsā in the Qur'an since Christians in Arabia used yasūʿ before and after Islam, itself derived from the Syriac form Yəšūʿ and ultimately Hebrew Yēšūaʿ by a phonetic change. The Encyclopedia of the Qur'an by Brill Publishers states this has also come about because many Western scholars have held a "conviction that Jesus' authentic Hebrew name is Yeshua'" and because of this they often "have been puzzled by the Qur'an's reference to him as 'Isa". Brill's Encyclopedia of the Qur'an further states "It is not certain that Jesus' original name was Yeshua'" However, the early Syriac/Aramaic form of the name Yeshua, the etymological link with 'salvation' in Matthew 1:21, all of the correspondences of Ἰησοῦς in the Greek OT and Second Temple Jewish writings, and the common attestation of Yeshua among first century Jewish names have led to a consensus among scholars of the gospels that Yeshua was "Jesus"'s original name. "Esau" is not a realistic possibility. With all this in mind, some scholars have proposed several explanations. James A. Bellamy of the University of Michigan suggested that the Quranic name is a corruption of Masīḥ itself derived from yasūʿ, suggesting that this resulted from a copyist error and an attempt to conceal the Arabic verb sāʿa/''yasūʿu which has obscene connotations, though no evidence has been found to support this claim.
Josef Horovitz on the other hand holds that the Quranic form is meant to parallel Mūsā. Similar pairs are also frequently found in the Quran as well which supports this theory. For example, compare Ismā‘īl and Ibrāhīm, Jālūt and Tālūt, Yājuj and Mājuj, and Qābil and Hābil. It is thus possible that the Arabs referred to him as Yasaʿ, but the Quran reversed the letters to parallel Mūsā.
Another explanation given is that in ancient Mesopotamia divine names were written in one way and pronounced in another. Thus borrowed words can have their consonants reversed. Another explanation is that Muhammad adopted Isa from the polemical Jewish form Esau. However, there is no evidence that the Jews have ever used Esau to refer to Jesus, and if Muhammad had unwittingly adopted a pejorative form his many Christian acquaintances would have corrected him. A fourth explanation is that prior to the rise of Islam, Christian Arabs had already adopted this form from Syriac. According to the Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, "Arabic often employs an initial 'ayn in words borrowed from Aramaic or Syriac and the dropping of the final Hebrew 'ayin is evidenced in the form Yisho of the 'koktiirkish' Manichaean fragments from Turfan." This is supported by Macúch with an example in classical Mandaic, a variety of Eastern Aramaic used as liturgical language by the Mandaean community of southern Mesopotamia, where the name for Jesus is rendered ʿ-š-u, though the pharyngeal is pronounced like a regular long i. Also the name Yeshu lacking the final 'ayin is also used to refer to Jesus in the Jewish work the Toledot Yeshu, and scholar David Flusser presents evidence Yeshu was also a name itself rather than claims it was meant to supposedly be an acronym to insult Jesus. The Brill Encyclopedia of the Qur'an notes scholar Anis al-Assiouty as noting the fact that "In the Talmud, however, he is called Yeshu." Scholar David Flusser and other scholars like Adolf Neubauer, Hugh J. Schonfield, and Joachim Jeremias also further argued that the name or pronunciation Yeshu could also be "the Galilean pronunciation" of Yeshua' that came about because of an inability to pronounce the 'ayin in the Galilee region where Jesus came from. Scholar Alphonse Mingana writes there may have been a monastery named ʿĪsāniyya in the territory of the Christian Ghassanid Arabs in southern Syria as early as 571 CE.
Christoph Luxenberg's The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran equates the quranic name with Hebrew Jesse. However, neither Yeshu nor Jesse begins with a pharyngeal consonant in their original Hebrew forms.
The earliest archaeological evidence of an Arabic name for Jesus is a Jordanian inscription. Enno Littman states: "Mr. G. Lankaster Harding, Chief Curator of Antiquities Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan, kindly sent me copies of a little more than five hundred Thamudic inscriptions. It is the inscription that interests us here. Below the circle there are four letters: a y, a sh, a ʿ, and again a y." He also states: "These letters are so placed that they can be read from right to left or from left to right y-sh-ʿ, probably pronounced Yashaʿ, and this name is the same as Yashuaʿ, the Hebrew form of the name of Christ." An archaic Arabic root for 'Salvation' exists in Yatha, which may have later formed this name: y-sh-ʿ. The lack of a Waw'' is still unexplained. Also, the closer correspondence with another name needs explanation or discussion before this inscription can be entertained as an Arabic "Jesus".

Non-Islamic uses

A 14th-century Persian translation of Matthew, one of the earliest surviving Persian manuscripts of the scripture, uses Isa. Ahmad Al-Jallad has argued that a precedent of the Quranic name ʿsy was already used in a Christian Safaitic inscription from the fourth century. Later translations in other languages also follow suit. Some evangelical Arabic translations of the Bible also use Isa, such as David Owen's Life of Christ.

Given name

Literature

Variations of the name include Ğaysə and Ğaysa ; in Russian transcript as Гайса, Айса or Айся. As a surname in Russia the name morphs into Айсин / Гайсин.