List of Mandaic manuscripts

Background

Types

1. esoteric texts, exclusively for priests
2. ritual texts, exclusively for priests
3. hymns, psalms, and prayers
4. hortatory and general texts
5. astrological texts
6. magical writings

History

Texts

Main scriptures

• Ginza Rabba
• Qolastā
• * Sidra ḏ-Nišmata
• * Eniania
• Mandaean Book of John, also known as The Book of Kings

• ''Haran Gawaita''

Priestly texts

• Ritual and esoteric texts used for priestly use
• * The Thousand and Twelve Questions
• * The Coronation of the Great Šišlam
• * Scroll of Exalted Kingship
• * Scroll of Abatur
• * The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa
• * Scroll of the Rivers
• * Scroll of the Great Baptism
• * Dmut Kušṭa
• * Alma Rišaia texts
• ** Alma Rišaia Rba
• ** Alma Rišaia Zuṭa
• * Scroll of the Ancestors
• * Secrets of the Ancestors
• * Zihrun Raza Kasia
• * Scroll of the Parwanaya
• Wedding liturgy and rituals
• * The Wedding of the Great Šišlam
• Astrology
• * ''Book of the Zodiac''

Magical texts

• Šafta texts
• *Qaština
• *Dahlulia
• *Pišra ḏ-Ainia
• *Pišra ḏ-Šambra
• *Pišra ḏ-Šumqa
• *Pišra ḏ-Pugdama ḏ-Mia
• *Pašar Haršia
• *Pašar Mihla
• *Masihfan Rba
• Qmaha texts
• *Riš Tus Tanina
• *Bit Mišqal Ainia
• *Nirig, Sira, and Libat
• *Šuba lbišna, ʿSirna hthimna, and Yawar Ziwa
• *Šiul
• *Ṣir Sahria
• *Br ʿngaria
• *Yurba
• *Gastata
• Zrazta texts
• *Hibil Ziwa
• *Ptahil Rba
• *Šuba Šibiahia
• Šalhafta texts
• *Mahra
• Books
• *Haršia Bišia
• Lead amulets
• *The Descent of Iauar, a lead amulet from the Schøyen Collection. .

Library collections

Bodleian Library

• Oxford Scroll G; Bodleian Library. Two texts for repelling evil spirits.
• Codex Marsh. 691 ; Bodleian Library. Dates to September 5, 1529 A.D., in Huwayza. It is the oldest Mandaean manuscript held in a European library, since Thomas Marshall's servant had donated the book to the Bodleian Library in 1689 or 1690, after Marshall's death. Codex of prayers with 116 pages. Unpublished.
• Hunt. 6, unpublished.
• Hunt. 71 . Copied by Adam bar Sam in Basra, on August 15, 1659 A.D..
• MS Asiat. Misc. C 12: Diwan ḏ-Qadaha Rba Šuma ḏ-Mara ḏ-Rabuta u-Dmut Kušṭa or simply Dmut Kušṭa, unpublished. Copied by Yahia Ram Zihrun, son of Mhatam in 1818 in Qurna.
• MS Asiat. Misc. C 13: Diuan u-Tafsir ḏ-Raza ḏ-Abahata. Copied at Mučarra in 1238 A.H. by Iahia Ram Zihrun br Mhatam. The text lists the names Barmeil, Bihdad, Bihram, Šišlam, Šišlameil, Manhareil, Nureil, Zihrun, Sahqeil, Haiil, and Reil. .
• MS Syr. E 15.
• MS Syr. E 18, unpublished.
• MS Syr. F 2 . Copied in 1203 A.H. near Shushtar.
• MS Syr. G 2 : Qaština and Šambra. Copied by Iahia Ramzihrun br Mhatam br Mhata Iuhana in Qurna in 1231 A.H.. CAL texts of and .

British Library

• Add. 23,599, Add. 23,600, and Add. 23,601: three Ginzas catalogued under the same title, Liber Adami Mendaice.
• * Add. 23,599 was presented to Queen Victoria by the rishama Sheikh Yahana 10 December 1872, via Colonel Herbert, Consul General of Baghdad.
• * Add. 23,600 was donated to the British Museum in April 1860 by the widow of Colonel J. E. Taylor, the British Vice-Consul at Baghdad. It has 315 folios and was copied by Adam Yuhana, the father of Yahia Bihram.
• * Add. 23,601 was copied by Adam Yuhana, son of Sam and dates to 1824.
• Add. 23,602A, Kholasta sive liturgica Sabiorum Libri Joannis Fragmenta Mendaice. 101 pages. Folia 76–98 and 99–101 contain parts of the Mandaean Book of John.
• Add. 23,602B, Kholasta sive liturgica Sabiorum Libri Joannis Fragmenta Mendaice: book of fragments probably obtained by Colonel John George Taylor. Contains fragments of Maṣbuta ḏ-Hibil Ziua and Alma Rišaia Rba. Folia 15–18 contain parts of the Mandaean Book of John. Documented in Wright.
• Or. 1236 : Sidra Rba Mandaitic
• Or. 6592, text called Šarh ḏ-Taraṣa ḏ-Taga ḏ-Šišlam Rba. It was copied in Muḥammara in 1289 A.H., itself copied from a composite text.
• Or. 6593, apotropaic contents. The two rolls A and B are in one container. Both date from 1869, with the first one from Muhammerah and the second one from Qurna.
• Small lead plates held at the British Museum

Bibliothèque nationale de France

• , also known as MS Paris A : Ginza Rabba. Copied at Maqdam, Iraq by Ram Baktiar bar Bihram Šadan. Julius Heinrich Petermann's Ginza transcription into Mandaic and Syriac was primarily based on this manuscript, although he consulted Mss. Paris B, C, and D as well. The is mostly based on this manuscript.
• Code Sabéen 2, also known as MS Paris B: Ginza that was translated into Latin by Matthias Norberg. Copied at Basra and Maqdam by the chief priest Baktiar-Bulbul bar Ram Ziwa in 1042 A.H. for Adam Zihrun bar Sharat.
• Code Sabéen 3, also known as MS Paris C: Ginza copied at Howaiza, in 1091 A.H.. The first half of the first part was copied by Ram Yuhana bar Hawa. The second half of the first part was copied by Yahÿa Adam bar Rabbai Bakhtiar Bulbul. The second part was copied for Ram Yuhana bar Hawa, by Yahya Sam bar Bihram.
• , also known as MS Paris D: Ginza copied at a location on the Shamaniya Canal, for Abdallah or Bihram, son of Anhara. There appears to have been many copyists. The introductory formula has the name Bihram bar Simath. In the colophon of the first part and the second part, Yahya Bihram, son of Adam Yuhana, names himself expressly as the copyist of the manuscript. The date is unclear, but is sometime in the early 1700s. The colophon of the first part mentions the date 1100 A.H. Matthias Norberg's Mandaic transcription and Latin translation of the Ginza was primarily based on this manuscript.
• : Prayers, many of which are also found in the Left Ginza.
• : Ginza copied from MS Colbert 1715 by L. Picques in 1683 A.D. The notes are originally from MS Colbert 382.
• Code Sabéen 8: Mandaean Book of John. Copied by Adam Zihrun bar Zaki Shitil in Khalafabad, Iran, in August or September 1630 A.D. during the month of Hitia.
• Code Sabéen 9: Mandaean Book of John. Copied in 1102 A.H. at Duraq, Iran by Adam Zihrun bar Mhatam on January 18, 1691.
• Code Sabéen 10: Mandaean Book of John. Copied by Zihrun bar Adam in al-Mīnā’, Basra, on October 13, 1616.
• Code Sabéen 11: Mandaean Book of John copied from Sabéen 8 by L. Picques. Many passages are accompanied by Latin translations.
• : Qulasta. Copied at Kamalawa in 978 A.H. by Adam Shitlan br Yahia Sam br Zihrun Bihram. Lacks prayers 5-10. Included in Euting.
• Code Sabéen 13: Qulasta. Copied at Basra in 1105 A.H..
• Code Sabéen 14: Qulasta. Copied from Colbert m.s. 4108 by L. Picques and partially translated into Latin.
• Code Sabéen 15. This manuscript is a partial copy of The Marriage of the Great Šišlam and also includes prayers from the Sidra ḏ-Nišmata. Copied at Basra in 1086 A.H. by Yahya bar Sam bar Zakia Shitil. Included in Euting.
• Code Sabéen 16 : Scroll, 1360 cm x 16 cm. 409 lines on the cosmogony, beliefs, duties of bishops and priests, and of the faithful, etc., in the form of questions and answers. These questions are believed to have been addressed by Hibil Ziwa Yawar to Nbat Rabba. Copied at Howaiza in 1127 A.H..
• Code Sabéen 17
• Code Sabéen 18
• Code Sabéen 23
• Code Sabéen 24: Texts about magical amulets.
• . This manuscript is a copy of The Book of the Zodiac, and also a partial copy of The Marriage of the Great Šišlam. However, it contains a longer appendix of more recent date.
• : Qmahia.

Other libraries

• MS Borgiani Siriaci 175. This manuscript is a copy of Diwan Abatur.
• Strasbourg MS 3.978: The manuscript was copied for Julius Heinrich Petermann by Yahia Bihram br Adam Yuhana in 1270 A.H.. A Neo-Mandaic poem in the manuscript was composed in 1203 A.H. and copied in 1270 A.D. by R. Adam Yuhana.

Individual collections

Private collections

• MS Flushing, an original manuscript belonging to Nasser Sobbi. Copied by Sheikh Mhatam bar Yahya Bihram on April 9, 1910.
• MS Colonie, photocopy of a manuscript from Ahvaz belonging to Dr. Sinan Abdullah. Copied by Bayan, son of Sharat on April 12, 1989.
• MS San Diego, an original manuscript that belonged to Lamea Abbas Amara, who brought it to San Diego, United States from Nasiriyah, Iraq. Copied by Mhatam Zihrun bar Adam on May 13, 1922.

Rbai Rafid Collection

• – "I rose up from the river"

Drower Collection

• DC 1 – prayerbook containing prayers for rituals such as minor ablutions. 238 pp.
• DC 2 – prayerbook called the Sidra ḏ-Nišmata that was copied by Shaikh Nejm for Drower in 1933. 155 pp. Jacques de Morgan had also acquired a copy of the Book of Souls during his travels to Iran from 1889 to 1891.
• DC 3 – codex of prayer fragments, such as prayers for minor ablutions, the rahmia, qulasta, masiqta, zidqa brikha, and myrtle and banner hymns. It was bound by Sheikh Dakhil Aidan in Amarah.
• DC 4 – codex consisting of a Mandaic-English glossary compiled by Shaikh Nejm for Drower, with the help of an English-speaking Mandaean. See Hezy & Morgenstern.
• DC 5 – prayerbook. Known as the "Prayers of Yahya." Copied by Hirmiz bar Anhar.
• DC 6 – Alf Trisar Šuialia. Contains parts 3-7 of the 1012 Questions. One part is known as the Tafsir Pagra. 14400 mm long by 337 mm wide with 1652 lines. Copied by Adam Zihrun, son of Bihram Šitlan, of the Šaʿpuria clan in Shushtar in 1557.
• DC 7 – Diwan Nahrwata. The illustrated scroll is a geographical treatise. Kurt Rudolph published a German translation in 1982, based on a Baghdad copy originally from Ahvaz. In 2022, Brikha Nasoraia published an English translation and analysis. About 3300 words. Copied by Ram Zihrun, son of Sam Bihram, Kupašia in Shushtar in 1259 A.H..
• DC 8 – Diwan Abatur. Copied by Ram Yuhana, son of Ram, of the Dihdaria and Sabur clans. A scroll wrapped in linen cloth that is 14,630 mm long by 316 mm wide, with approximately 800 lines. Interspersed illustrations. A note inside the box is labelled "Bahrami purchase". Donated by Drower to the Bodleian Library in 1950.
• DC 9 – Haran Gawaita. Copied by Ram Zihrun, son of Sam Bihram, Kupašia in Margab, Iran in 1276 A.H..
• DC 10 – Pišra ḏ-Šambra. A qmaha that is an invocation to Libat. Translated and published in JRAS.
• DC 11 – zrazta. Illustrated scroll with 183 lines.
• DC 12 – Pašar Haršia. A qmaha that is an exorcism of witches and wizards. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Abdallah in Ahvaz in 1933. Dates to 1196 A.H. / 1782 C.E. Transcribed by Adam Yuhana, son of Sam, son of Bihram, Kamisia clan at Šaka by the Karka River. An English translation of the colophon can be found in Gelbert. .
• DC 13 – zrazta of Hibil Ziwa. Also called "Roll C." Part of the Zrazta ḏ-Hibil Ziwa. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Kumait in 1933.
• DC 14 – zrazta or magical / "protective" text. Part of the Zrazta ḏ-Hibil Ziwa. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Kumait. 185 lines.
• DC 15 – zrazta of the Great Ptahil. A very long scroll purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm, in Qal‛at Saleh in April 1933. Also called "Roll E."
• DC 16 – Exorcism scroll. Also called "Roll F." 101 lines. Purchased by Drower in 1933.
• DC 17 – Šalhafta ḏ-Mahra. A small 2.5-inch wide exorcism scroll also called "Roll G."
• DC 18 – Zrazta ḏ-Šuba Šibiahia. There is a section for each of the seven planets. Copied by Shaikh Faraj for Drower in Baghdad in 1355 A.H.. Variants: DC 43i and RRC 1F.
• DC 19 – Šalhafta ḏ-Mahra, consisting of two texts. Copied by Adam Zihrun br Ram Zihrun br Adam Iuhana in Baghdad in 1355 A.H.. Variants are DC 43d and Codex Sabéen 27: 10a–14a.
• DC 20 – Šafta ḏ-Dahlulia. Illustrated scroll copied by Sheikh Faraj for Drower in Baghdad in 1935. Originally copied in 1250 A.H. in Shaṭra by Adam br Bihram br Yahia. 236 lines. .
• DC 21 – Šafta ḏ-Pišra ḏ-Ainia. Copied by Shaikh Faraj for Drower in December 1935. 803 lines. Published by Drower in JRAS No. 4. See also Müller-Kessler. Analysis by Hunter.
• DC 22 – Ginza Rba codex. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in 1936. Transcribed in 1831 by Ram Zihrun, son of Sam Bihram, Kupašia. Ram Zihrun copied the Right Ginza in Qurna, and the Left Ginza in Basra.
• DC 23 – Pašar Šumqa / Pašar Šmaq. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in 1936. 777 lines. Copied in Basra in 1226 A.H. by Bihram Sam br Zihrun. .
• DC 24 – Šarḥ ḏ-Parwanaia, or Panšā. German translation and commentary by Burtea. Used for rituals such as the consecration of the cult-hut, the dove sacrifice, zidqa brikha, the myrtle ritual, etc.
• DC 25 – a qmaha scroll. Purchased by Drower from Hirmiz bar Anhar in Baghdad in 1936.
• DC 26 – two talismans. Published by Drower in Iraq 5 : 31–54. Consists of two texts: Bit Mišqal Ainia and Riš Tus Tanina. Copied by Shaikh Faraj in 1355 A.D. for Drower in Baghdad. Bit Mišqal Ainia, a different version of DC 28, was published in Drower. Morgenstern finds Drower's translation to be erroneous; he makes uses of RRC 1T in addition to DC 26 and 28.
• DC 27 – Šarḥ ḏ-Zihrun-Raza-Kasia / Masiqta Zihrun Raza Kasia. The text covers the masbuta and masiqta of Zihrun Raza Kasia. German translation and commentary by Burtea. An illustrated scroll purchased by Drower from Shaikh Yahia, Qal’at Salih in May 1937. The colophon date is 1088 A.H.. 559 lines. See Rebrik. .
• DC 28 – Pišra ḏ-Bit Mišqal Ainia, a qmaha text. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in June 1937. Published in Drower. Copied by Yahia Bihram br Adam Yuhana br Sam in 1272 A.H. in the marshlands.
• DC 29 – Pišra ḏ-Ainia / Pašar Ainia. Purchased by Drower from Shaikhs Nejm and Yahia in November 1937. .
• DC 30 – Draša ḏ-Yahia . Purchased by Drower from Shaikhs Nejm and Yahia in November 1937. The manuscript copying was finished on March 16, 1753 A.D.. Copied in Shushtar by Ram Yuhana, son of Ram, Dihdaria.
• DC 31 – Book of the Zodiac. Purchased by Drower from Shaikhs Nejm and Yahia in November 1937. Copied in Qurna in 1247 A.H. by Ram Zihrun br Bihram Sam br Iahia Zihrun.
• DC 32 – The qmahia of Nirigh, Sira, and Libat. Love talisman scroll. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in 1938.
• DC 33 – Tlata qmahia or the "three qmahia" : Šuba lbišna, ‛Sirna hthimna, and Yawar Ziwa nišimtai. Purchased by Drower at Litlata in April 1938. Published in JRAS No. 3.
• DC 34 – Scroll of Exalted Kingship / Diwan Malkuta 'laita. Illustrated scroll purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in April 1939. 1353 lines.
• DC 35 – Diwan Maṣbuta ḏ-Hibil Ziwa. Bought in Persia through Shaikh Nejm on April 29, 1939. Copied by Yahia Bihram, son of Adam Yuhana, of the Qindila, Kamisia and Rish Draz clans in 1831, but his added postscript extends to 1848. Date incorrectly given as 1750 by Drower. 544 lines of pure text and then 3937 mm of mixed text and illustrations. Donated by Drower to the Bodleian Library in December 1958. Colophons analyzed in Morgenstern.
• DC 36 – Haran Gawaita and 1012 Questions. A long scroll that is 12 inches wide and 626 inches long. Copied by Yahia Zihrun br Ram in Shushtar in 1088 A.H.. .
• DC 37 – Šafta ḏ-Masihfan Rba. Copied by Yahia Bihram, son of Adam Yuhana, in Suq eš-Šuyuk in 1861. 633 lines. There is also a British Library manuscript fragment. There are two additional copies of Šafta ḏ-Masifan owned by Suhaib Nashi: a manuscript copied in Qalˤat Ṣāleḥ in 1358 A.H. and another undated manuscript probably copied during around the same time. Both of the Suhaib Nashi manuscripts are based on a different manuscript tradition than DC 37.
• DC 38 – Šarḥ ḏ-qabin ḏ-Šišlam Rba. A scroll that Drower had purchased from Shaikh Nejm in April 1939, along with DC 36, 37, and 39. Transcribed by Adam Yuhana.
• DC 39 – Šafta ḏ-Qaština, a qmaha that Drower had purchased from Shaikh Nejm in April 1939. Transcribed in 1802 by Adam Yuhana.
• DC 40 – Šafta ḏ-mihla or Pašra mihla. An exorcism scroll that uses personified salt to exorcise illnesses and evil spirits. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in May 1939. Copied by Bihram br Ram Zihrun br Sam Bihram. Salt is also frequently sprinkled around Mandaean houses to keep evil spirits away. Consisting of 1,137 lines, the manuscript has 14 incantation texts. It was copied in 1247 A.H. by the Bihram bar Ram Zihrun from the Aziz family. See Tarelko.
• DC 41 – Alma Rišaia Rba. English translation and commentary by Drower. An illustrated scroll about 545 lines long, dating to 1809. Copied for Colonel J. E. Taylor in Šuštar in 1224 A.H. by Adam Yuhana, son of Sam Bihram, of the Kamisia and Rish Draz clans. Bought from Sheikh Nejm in Iraq by Drower in autumn 1939. Donated by Drower to the Bodleian Library in December 1958. .
• DC 42 - Šarḥ ḏ-Ṭabahata. Used for Parwanaya rituals. Transcribed in 1743 and has 834 lines. Similar to Prayer 170 of the Qulasta, but some names are different. Commentary by Buckley. DC 42 verso contains six texts: šarḥ ḏ-ahaba ḏ-mania b-iuma ḏ-paruanaiia, aprišata ḏ-ahaba ḏ-mania, šarḥ ḏ-ahaba ḏ-mania ḏ-tarmida ʿu ganzibra kḏ napiq, šarḥ ḏ-ṭabahata qria b-šuma ḏ-gabrauʿnta, šarḥ ḏ-dukrana ḏ-šumaiia, šarḥ ḏ-zidqa brika ḏ-paruanaiia. Copied at Basra in 1248 A.H.. .
• DC 43 – The Poor Priest's Treasury, a scroll consisting of qmahas used for exorcism and magic. The contents are: Qmaha ḏ-ṣir Sahria ; Qmaha ḏ-Šaiul ; the three related texts Šuba libišna, ʿsirna hthimna, and Yawar Ziwa ; Šalhafta ḏ-Mahria ; Qmaha ḏ-Dahlulia ; Qmaha ḏ-Gastata ; Qmaha ḏ-Br ʿngaria ; Qmaha ḏ-Yurba ; Qmaha ḏ-Šuba ; Qmaha ḏ-Qaština. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in 1939 and copied in 1270 A.H. in the marshlands in the territory of the Kit bin Sa'ad, by Yahia Bihram br Adam Yuhana. Variants in DC 23b. See also Burtea. CAL texts: DC , , , , , , , .
• DC 44 – Zrazta ḏ-Hibil Ziwa. The longest talisman in the Drower Collection. Purchased by Drower from Shaikh Nejm in 1939 and was transcribed in 1209 A.H. at Qurna by Sam Bihram, son of Yahia Yuhana, Dihdaria, who also transcribed DC 34. 2140 lines with 2 colophons. The text was first made known to the international scholarly community by Jacques de Morgan, based on a qmaha scroll that de Morgan had purchased during his travels to Iran from 1889 to 1891. Matthew Morgenstern has a photocopy of a Hamš Zaraziata manuscript copied in 1199 A.H., which contains the earliest known copies of Zarazta ḏ-Manda ḏ-Hiia and Zarazta ḏ-Ptahil. There are also many later copies in the Rbai Rafid Collection.
• DC 45 – Haršia Bišia. Partially published in journal articles. .
• DC 46 – Haršia Bišia. Copied by Shaikh Abdallah in March 1942. Different version of DC 45. Partially published in journal articles. DC 45 and DC 46 contain Arabic spells written in Mandaic script. According to Morgenstern & Alfia, "DC 45 and DC 46 are both late copies of magic recipe books or spell formularies that served Mandaean practitioners in Baghdad at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries."
• DC 47 – Pišra ḏ-Šambra. Copied in 1249 A.H. by Yahia Bihram, son of Adam Yuhana. Another manuscript analyzed by Drower was a manuscript that the Mandaean silversmith Zahroun Amara had copied for Anastase-Marie de Saint-Élie around the turn of the 20th century. Drower abbreviates the manuscript as P.A.
• DC 48 – Alma Rišaia Zuṭa . English translation and commentary by Drower. A text from Shushtar that was copied by Adam Zihrun br Bihram Šitlan br Sam Zakia br Iahia Bulparaš br Ram Iuhana, Ša‛puria clan. Dates to 972 A.H. or 1564 A.D. .
• DC 49 – Small exorcism scroll
• DC 50 – Šarḥ ḏ-Maṣbuta Rabtia. Ritual scroll describing the 360 baptisms for a polluted priest. Also called "Fifty Baptisms" and the Raza Rba ḏ-Zihrun. Dates from 1867 and has 962 lines. See Güterbock. Also known in full as Šarḥ ḏ-Maṣbuta Rabtia ḏ-Tlatma u-Šitin Maṣbutiata.
• DC 51 – Pišra ḏ-Pugdama ḏ-Mia, of which DC 51 is the only surviving copy. Exorcism invoking the personified waters of life. Dates to 1277 A.H. Copied in Margab, Suq es-šuyukh, in 1277 A.H. by Ram Zihrun, son of Sam Bihram, Kupašia. Berlin MS Or. Oct 3752 envelope 34, an incomplete manuscript, parallels DC 51. .
• DC 52 – missing
• DC 53 – Qulasta. Purchased by Drower in 1954. Copied in 1802 by the ganzibra Adam Yuhana, the father of Yahia Bihram, in Huwaiza, Khuzistan.
• DC 54 – The Coronation of the Great Šišlam. English translation and commentary by Drower. Or. 6592, British Museum is another manuscript of this text. The scroll is from either Basra or Huwaiza and dates to 1008 A.H.. Copied by Sam Šitlan, son of Ram Bayan, Ša‛puria clan. Morgenstern notes that DC 54 is corrupt, while RRC 1A and BL. Or. 6592 are more reliable.
• DC 55 – Drower's personal notebook

Timeline of major publications

• 1867: Ginza Rabba by Julius Heinrich Petermann
• 1905: Qulasta by Mark Lidzbarski
• 1915: Mandaean Book of John by Mark Lidzbarski
• 1925: Ginza Rabba by Mark Lidzbarski
• 1959: Qulasta by E. S. Drower
• 1998: Ginza Rabba and Qulasta by Majid Fandi Al-Mubaraki
• 2011: Ginza Rabba by Carlos Gelbert and Mark J. Lofts
• 2017: Mandaean Book of John by Carlos Gelbert and Mark J. Lofts
• 2020: Mandaean Book of John by Charles G. Häberl and James F. McGrath
• 2025: Qulasta by Carlos Gelbert and Mark J. Lofts

Online texts

• at the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon