Zhu Quan


Zhu Quan, the Prince of Ning, was a Chinese historian, military commander, musician, and playwright. He was the 17th son of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty. During his life, he served as a military commander, feudal lord, historian, and playwright. He is also remembered as a great tea connoisseur, a zither player, and composer.

Other names

In addition to Prince of Ning, Zhu Quan was also known as the Strange Scholar of the Great Ming. As part of his Taoist attempts to avoid death, he adopted the aliases the Emaciated Immortal, the "Master who Encompasses Emptiness", "Taoist of the Mysterious Continent" or "Taoist of the Mysterious Island", and "Perfected Gentleman of the Marvelous Way of the Unfathomable Emptiness of the Southern Pole".

Biography

Zhu Quan was initially a military commander in service to his father, the Hongwu Emperor who founded the Ming dynasty. He was granted the frontier fief of Ning with his capital at Daning in present-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia in 1391. He was famous for his mastery of art and war and played an important role during the unrest surrounding the ascension of his teenage nephew, Jianwen Emperor, in 1399.
Under the advice of his Confucian advisors, the Jianwen Emperor summoned his uncle to an audience in the imperial capital Nanjing. Wary of the emperor's intentions, as other uncles were demoted or executed the same year, Zhu Quan refused and lost three of his divisions for insubordination.
Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, was preparing for his own uprising against the emperor and considered it a major point to neutralize Zhu Quan, a talented leader of well-trained troops located behind his lines. Taking advantage of Wu Gao's attack on Yongping near modern Shanhaiguan, the Prince of Yan after crushing Wu Gao's force rode hastily to Daning and feigned defeat and distress. After several days, his forces were in position and successfully captured Zhu Quan as he was seeing his brother off. The official history of the Ming records Daning's evacuation, with Zhu Quan's harem and courtiers removed to Songtingguan and the prince himself kept in the Yan capital at Beiping, but passes over Zhu Di's setting of the entire city to the torch and the destruction of Zhu Quan's extensive library.
From that point, Zhu Quan assisted his brother in his uprising, with the History of Ming recording that the Prince of Yan offered to split the entire empire between them. After his elevation as the Yongle Emperor in 1402, however, he swiftly reneged and refused to appoint his brother to lordship over Suzhou or Qiantang, instead giving him a choice only of backwater appointments. He settled upon Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi. After a scare where he was accused of practicing wugu sorcery, Zhu Quan essentially retired from any interference with the realm, devoting his time instead to cultural pursuits.
Meeting daily with local or visiting scholars and Taoists, he pursued immortality. He treasured and revised his Secret Book of Origins, a text which survived the fire of Daning and sharply attacked Buddhism as a foreign "mourning cult" at odds with Chinese culture and proper governance. His encyclopedia of Taoism, the Most Pure and Precious Books on the Way of August Heaven, was so esteemed it joined the Taoist canon. His brother ordered him to complete the Comprehensive Mirror of Extensive Essays and was also credited with writing Family Advice, Ceremonial Customs of the Country of Ning, The Secret History of the Han and Tang, History Breaks Off, a Book of Essays, a Book of Poetry, and several other annotated anthologies. His most successful was his Tea Manual. In addition, he personally funded the publication of many rare books and composed several operas.
Zhu Quan is an important figure in the history of the Chinese zither, or guqin, for his compilation of the important Manual of the Mysterious and Marvellous in 1425. This is the earliest known large scale collection of qin scores to have survived to the present day.

Family

Consort:
  • Lady Zhang, Commander of the Wardens Zhang Tai's daughter, died before his own death.
Sons:
  • Zhu Panshi, Hereditary Prince of Ning, first son
  • * Married Commander of the East City Wardens Yu Sheng's daughter as Hereditary Princess of Ning in March 1417
  • Second son, died young
  • Zhu Panye, third son
  • * Married Deputy Commander of the North City Wardens Huang Fu's daughter in August 1426, later married Company Commander Wang Xing's daughter in May 1455.
  • Zhu Panyao, Prince Anjian of Yichun, fourth son
  • * Married Jinwu Rear Guard Commander Liu Xun's daughter in October 1430
  • Zhu Panzhu, Prince Anxi of Xinchang, fifth son
  • * Married Xiaoling Guard Commander Ge Tan's daughter in March 1437
  • Zhu Panmou, Prince Daohui of Xinfeng, sixth son
Daughters:
  • Princess Yongxin, first daughter
  • * Married Jinxiang Guard Drafter Gao Heling
  • Princess Yushan, second daughter
  • * Married Chief Commissioner Drafter Fang Jingxiang
  • Princess Qingjiang, third daughter
  • * Married Xi'ning Guard Commander Chen Tong's younger brother Chen Yi
  • Princess Fengxin, fourth daughter
  • * Married Wang Shuang
  • Princess Jinxi, fifth daughter
  • * Married the Right Army Commissioner Han Guan's younger brother Han Fu
  • Princess Taihe, sixth daughter
  • * Married Wang Yencheng of Poyang County's son Wang Zhanran
  • Princess Pengze, seventh daughter
  • * Married Longxiang Guard Commander Wang Gang's nephew Wang Zhi
  • Princess Luling, eighth daughter
  • * Married Qizhou Guard Commander Tian Sheng's younger brother Tian Yu
  • Princess Xinyu, ninth daughter
  • * Married Ganzhou Prefecture Record Keeper Hu Yu's son Hu Guangji
  • Princess Xincheng, tenth daughter
  • * Married Regent Central Guard Commander Li Jun's son Li Huan
  • Princess Fuliang, 11th daughter
  • Twelfth daughter, died young, no title
  • Princess Nanfeng, 13th daughter
  • * Married Jiangxi Military Commissioner Zhang Xiang's son Zhang Wen
  • Princess Yongfeng, 14th daughter

    Descendants

Zhu Quan's descendant, Zhu Chenhao, the Prince of Ning, rebelled against the Zhengde Emperor in what is known as the Chenhao rebellion. It was only forty-three days before it was put down by Wang Yangming, the Governor of Nan'gan, resulting in the abolition of the Prince of Ning's fiefdom. The famous painter Bada Shanren was his seventh-generation grandson, and Lin Shiyi, one of Yitang Jiuzi, was his eighth-generation grandson.