Zacatonal


The Zacatonal is a montane [grasslands and shrublands|montane grassland and shrubland] ecoregion of central Mexico.

Geography

The Zacatonal consists of several enclaves of grassland and shrubland occupying the highest peaks of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, covering about.
Zacatonal is found above 3500 meters elevation on the volcanoes Popocatépetl, Iztaccihuatl, Malinche, Nevado de Toluca, Cofre de Perote, Pico de Tancítaro, and Pico de Orizaba. Zacatonal is surrounded by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests ecoregion at lower elevations.

Climate

The climate is temperate and subhumid at lower elevations, becoming alpine and subhumid at the highest elevations.

Flora

The predominant plant community is grassland, ranging from subalpine to alpine.
Open forest of Hartweg's pine and/or Montezuma pine marks the transition between the lower-elevation pine-oak forests and the subalpine grasslands at about 3500 meters elevation. Grassland dominated by Toluca fescue and Toluca reedgrass grows as an understory among the pines, in open Juniperus monticola woodland, or as open grassland. Other grasses and forbs include Arenaria bryoides, Descurainia impatiens, Draba jorullensis, Lupinus montanus, Muhlenbergia pusilla, M. quadridentata, Oxalis sp., Pedicularis orizabae, Penstemon gentianoides, Poa annua, Potentilla staminea, Sicyos parviflorus, and Trisetum spicatum. At 3800 meters elevation Muhlenbergia quadridentata becomes the dominant grass, with Calamagrostis tolucensis dominant between 3800 and 4200 meters.
The transition from subalpine to alpine grasslands occurs between 4200 and 4300 meters elevation. Alpine grasslands are dominated by the grasses Festuca livida and Arenaria bryoides. Other alpine zone plants include Festuca tolucensis and species of Carex, Cerastium, Cirsium, Draba, Eryngium, Gnaphalium, Lupinus, Luzula, Oxylobus, Phacelia, Plantago, Potentilla, Ranunculus, and Senecio, together with ferns, mosses, and lichens.
The flora of the Zacatonal is distinct from both temperate North America's alpine grasslands and the alpine páramo of Central and South America, and includes many endemic species.

Fauna

The Sierra Madre sparrow is found in the transition zone between the Zacatonal and pine forests. Native mammals include the Mexican volcano mouse, volcano harvest mouse, and volcano rabbit, and Cryptotis goldmani alticola, a subspecies of Goldman's broad-clawed shrew.

Conservation and threats

Many of the grasslands are in a degraded state from overgrazing by livestock or unregulated burning. In 1935 the Mexican government placed nearly 4,000 km2 of the mountains surrounding the Valley of Mexico under protection, including both Zacatonal and lower-elevation pine-oak forests.