Pratītyasamutpāda gāthā
The Pratītyasamutpāda-gāthā, also referred to as the Pratītyasamutpāda-dhāraṇī or ye dharmā hetu, is a verse and a dhāraṇī widely used by Buddhists in ancient times which was held to have the function of a mantra or sacred spell. It was often found carved on chaityas, stupas, images, or placed within chaityas.
The Pratītyasamutpāda-gāthā is used in Sanskrit as well as Pali. It is found in Mahavagga section of Vinaya Pitaka of the Pali Canon. The mantra has been widely used. It has been used at Sarnath, Tirhut, Kanari Copperplate, Tagoung, Sherghatti, near Gaya, Allahabad column, Sanchi etc.
According to Buddhist scriptural sources, these words were used by the Arahat Assaji when asked about the teaching of the Buddha. On the spot, Sariputta attained the stage of stream entry and later shared the verses with his friend Moggallāna who also attained stream entry. They then went to the Buddha, along with 500 of their disciples, and asked to become his disciples.
Original text
Sanskrit
The gāthā / dhāraṇī in Sanskrit is as follows:ये धर्मा हेतुप्रभवा हेतुं तेषां तथागतो ह्यवदत् ।IAST transliteration:
तेषां च यो निरोध एवंवादी महाश्रमणः ॥
ye dharmā hetuprabhavā hetuṃ teṣāṃ tathāgato hyavadat
teṣāṃ ca yo nirodha evaṃvādī mahāśramaṇaḥ.
Pali
In Pali, the text reads:‘යේ ධම්මා හේතුප්පභවාTransliteration into Latin script:
තේසං හේතුං තථාගතෝ ආහ.
තේසඤ්ච යෝ නිරෝධෝ
ඒවං වාදී මහාසමණෝ..”
ye dhammā hetuppabhavā tesaṃ hetuṃ tathāgato āha.
tesañca yo nirodho evaṃ vādī mahāsamaṇo..
English
Daniel Boucher translates as follows:Those dharmas which arise from a cause, the Tathāgata has declared their cause,The Pāḷi commentaries take the first line as pointing to suffering, the second to its cause and the third to its cessation.
and that which is the cessation of them. Thus the great renunciant has taught.
Tibetan
In Tibetan:ཆོས་གང་རྒྱུ་བྱུང་དེ་དག་གི། །རྒྱུ་དང་དེ་འགོག་གང་ཡིན་པའང་། །དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པས་བཀའ་སྩལ་ཏེ། །དགེ་སློང་ཆེན་པོས་དེ་སྐད་གསུངས།།
or
ཆོས་རྣམས་ཐམས་ཅད་རྒྱུ་ལས་བྱུང་། །དེ་རྒྱུ་དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པས་གསུངས། །རྒྱུ་ལ་འགོག་པ་གང་ཡིན་པ། །དགེ་སྦྱོང་ཆེན་པོས་འདི་སྐད་གསུངས།
The Wylie transliteration is:
chos gang rgyu byung de dag gi |
rgyu dang de 'gog gang yin pa'ng |
de bzhin gshegs pas bka' stsal te |
dge slong chen pos de skad gsungs ||
or
chos rnams thams cad rgyu las byung |
de rgyu de bzhin gshegs pas gsungs |
rgyu la 'gog pa gang yin pa |
dge sbyong chen pos 'di skad gsungs ||
Usage
Copper plate in the Schøyen Collection
A copper plate from the Gandhara region, dated to about 5th century AD has a variation of the mantra. It appears to have some mistakes, for example it uses taṭhāgata instead of tathāgata. It is now in the Schøyen Collection.On Buddha images
The mantra was often also carved below the images of the Buddha. A Buddhist screen and accompanying Buddha image is now preserved at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. While the objects were found in South India, the mantra is given in north Indian 8-9th century script, perhaps originating from the Pala region.Malaysia inscriptions
The Bukit Meriam Sanskrit inscription from Kedah includes two additional lines. The inscription is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Other similar inscriptions were found in the Kedah region.Here several minor orthographic peculiarities have been standardized. The lines can be translated as:
Those dharmas which arise from a cause, the Tathāgata has declared their cause, and that which is the cessation of them; thus the great renunciant has taught.
Through ignorance, karma is accumulated; karma is the cause of birth.
Through knowledge, karma is not accumulated; through absence of karma, one is not born.