White-whiskered spinetail
The white-whiskered spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.
Taxonomy and systematics
The white-whiskered spinetail was originally described in genus Synallaxis. In the early twentieth century some authors moved it into the newly created genus Poecilurus. By 2000 the merger of Poecilurus into Synallaxis was generally accepted and a study published in 2011 confirmed that placement. That study also established that the white-whiskered spinetail and the rufous-breasted spinetail are sister species.The white-whiskered spinetail has three subspecies, the nominate S. c. candei, S. c. atrigularis, and S. c. venezuelensis.
The white-whiskered spinetail's specific epithet honors Admiral Antoine Marie Ferdinand de Maussion de Candé, an explorer of South America.
Description
The white-whiskered spinetail is long and weighs. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a wide white "moustache" and a wide rufous supercilium on an otherwise blackish face. Their crown is dark gray mottled with black and their nape, back, rump and uppertail coverts bright rufous. Their wings are bright rufous with dusky tips on their flight feathers. Their tail's proximal two-thirds is bright rufous and the distal third dark fuscous. Their chin is white and their throat black. Their breast and sides are bright rufous, their flanks slightly paler, their belly white, and their undertail coverts pale rufous. Their iris is dark brown, their maxilla black, their mandible black or blackish with some yellowish on its underside, and their legs and feet slate-gray to blue-gray. Subspecies S. c. atrigularis has a brown back, with no supercilium, grayish white flecks on the black cheek and chin, a dusky chestnut base to the tail, and a duller breast and more olivaceous flanks than the nominate.S. c. venezuelensis is paler overall than the nominate, with a white throat with a black band below it and a sharper delineation between the tail's colors.Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of the white-whiskered spinetail is found in northern Colombia's Sucre and Magdalena departments. Subspecies S. c. atrigularis is found in the middle reaches of the Magdalena River valley in northern Colombia. S. c. venezuelensis is found in far northern Colombia's Cesar and La Guajira departments and east into northwestern Venezuela as far as Falcón and Lara states.The white-whiskered spinetail inhabits tropical deciduous forest, arid scrublands, overgrown pastures, and the edges of mangrove stands. In elevation it ranges from sea level to in Colombia and to in Venezuela.