Western meadow vole
The western meadow vole is a species of North American vole found in western North America, the midwestern United States, western Ontario, Canada, and formerly in Mexico. It was previously considered conspecific with the eastern meadow vole, but genetic studies indicate that it is a distinct species. It is sometimes called the field mouse or meadow mouse, although these common names can also refer to other species.
Distribution
It ranges from Ontario west to Alaska, and south to Missouri, north-central Nebraska, the northern half of Wyoming, and central Washington south through Idaho into north-central Utah. A disjunct subset of its range occurs from central Colorado to northwestern New Mexico. An isolated population was formerly found in Chihuahua, Mexico, but has since been extirpated. The United States portion of the Souris River is alternately known as the Mouse River because of the large numbers of field mice that lived along its banks.Plant communities
In eastern Washington and northern Idaho, meadow voles are found in relative abundance in sedge fens, but not in adjacent cedar -hemlock, Douglas-fir, or ponderosa pine forests. Meadow voles are also absent from fescue -snowberry associations. Moisture may be a major factor in habitat use; possibly the presence of free water is a deciding factor.In southeastern Montana, western meadow voles were the second-most abundant small mammal in riparian areas within big sagebrush -buffalo grass habitats. Western meadow voles are listed as riparian-dependent vertebrates in the Snake River drainage of Wyoming. In a compilation of 11 studies on small mammals, western meadow voles were reported in only three of 29 sites in subalpine forests of the central Rocky Mountains. Their range extensions were likely to be related to irrigation practices. They are now common in hayfields, pastures, and along ditches in the Rocky Mountain states. In Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, western meadow voles were present in riparian shrublands, tallgrass prairie, and other habitats.
Habitat
In an Iowa prairie restoration project, meadow voles experienced an initial population increase during the initial stage of vegetation succession, red clover, annual ragweed, alfalfa, and thistles. However, populations reached their peak abundance during the perennial grass stage of succession from old field to tallgrass prairie. Meadow vole habitat devoid of tree cover and grasses dominated the herb layer. with low tolerance for habitat variation.In most areas, meadow voles clearly prefer habitat with dense vegetation. In tallgrass prairie at Pipestone National Monument, they were positively associated with dense vegetation and litter. The variables important to meadow vole habitat in Virginia include vegetative cover reaching a height of 8 to 16 inches and presence of litter. Meadow voles appeared to be randomly distributed within a grassland habitat in southern Quebec. Grant and Morris were not able to establish any association of meadow vole abundance with particular plant species. They were also unable to distinguish between food and cover as the determining factor in meadow vole association with dense vegetation. In South Dakota, meadow voles prefer grasslands to Rocky Mountain juniper woodlands. In New Mexico, meadow voles were captured in stands of grasses, wild rose, prickly pear, and various forbs; meadow voles were also captured in wet areas with tall marsh grasses.
Open habitat with a thick mat of perennial grass favors voles. In west-central Illinois, they were the most common small mammals on Indian grass -dominated and switchgrass -dominated study plots. They were present in very low numbers on orchard grass -dominated plots. The most stable population occurred on unburned big bluestem -dominated plots. In Ontario, meadow voles and white-footed mice occur together in ecotones. Meadow voles were the most common small mammals in oak savanna/tallgrass prairie dominated by northern pin oak and grasses including bluejoint reedgrass, prairie cordgrass, big bluestem, switchgrass, and Indian grass.
In Michigan, strip clearcuts in a conifer swamp resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of meadow voles. They were most abundant in clearcut strip interiors and least abundant in uncut strip interiors. Slash burning did not appear to affect meadow vole numbers about 1.5 years after treatment.
Predators
Birds not usually considered predators of mice do take voles; examples include gulls, northern shrikes, black-billed magpies, common ravens, American crows, great blue herons, and American bitterns.Major mammalian predators include the badger, striped skunk, weasels, martens, domestic dogs, domestic cats and mountain lions. Other animals reported to have ingested voles include trout, Pacific giant salamanders, garter snakes, yellow-bellied racers, gopher snakes, plains rattlesnakes, and rubber boas.
In northern prairie wetlands, meadow voles are a large portion of the diets of red foxes, American mink, short-eared owls, and northern harriers. Voles are frequently taken by racers since both often use the same burrows.
Management
In forest plantations in British Columbia, an apparently abundant meadow vole population was associated with a high rate of "not sufficient regeneration"; damage to tree seedlings was attributed to meadow voles and lemmings.The cycle of meadow vole abundance is an important proximate factor affecting the life histories of its major predators. Meadow voles are usually the most abundant small mammals in northern prairie wetlands, often exceeding 40% of all individual small mammals present. Numbers of short-eared owls, northern harriers, rough-legged hawks, coyotes, and red foxes were directly related to large numbers of meadow voles in a field in Wisconsin. Predator numbers are positively associated with meadow vole abundance.