Phytoplasma pruni


Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni is a species of phytoplasma in the class Mollicutes, a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The specific epithet pruni means "living on Prunus", emphasizing the fact that the phytoplasma is a parasite of various Prunus species, otherwise known as stone fruits. The phytoplasma is commonly called the X-disease phytoplasma.
Like all phytoplasmas, Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni infects both plants and insects. Potential plant hosts include peach, cherry, plum, and others. Known insect hosts include various species of leafhoppers. Since the pathogen can not live outside of host cells, it must be transmitted to a new plant host by an infected leafhopper.

Taxonomy

The name Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' was informally suggested by the International Research Program for Comparative Mycoplasmology in 2004, but the taxon was not formally described until 2013. It belongs to the X-disease group, subgroup A, the most studied subgroup of 16SrIII. This subgroup of phytoplasma is associated with a number of diseases:
StrainAssociated disease16Sr group-subgroup
PX11CT1R, PX11CT2, PX92CT1, PX92CT2, PX92CT3, PX92CT4, CX-95, WX95Peach X-disease16SrIII-A
PRPeach rosette16SrIII-A
LPLittle peach16SrIII-A
PRSPeach red suture16SrIII-A

PX11CT1R is the reference strain for Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'.

Related strains

Certain strains of phytoplasmas related to Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' are associated with diseases of various plant species, including blueberry, clover, goldenrod, milkweed, spirea, pecan, poinsettia, potato, and walnut. These strains are classified in other subgroups of group III as follows:

StrainAssociated disease16Sr group-subgroup
CYE Clover yellow edge16SrIII-B
PBT Pecan bunchy top16SrIII-C
GR1Goldenrod yellows16SrIII-D
SP1Spirea stunt16SrIII-E
MW1Milkweed yellows16SrIII-F
VAC Vaccinium witches' broom16SrIII-F
AKpot7Potato purple top16SrIII-F
WWBWalnut witches' broom16SrIII-G
PoiBIPoinsettia branch inducing16SrIII-H
VGYIIIVirginia grapevine yellows16SrIII-I



StrainAssociated disease16Sr group-subgroup
ChWBIIIChayote witches' broom16SrIII-J
SLFStrawberry leafy fruit16SrIII-K
CFSDCassava frog skin disease16SrIII-L
MT117Potato purple top16SrIII-M
AKpot6Potato purple top16SrIII-N
DanVDandelion virescence16SrIII-P
BRWB7Black raspberry witches' broom16SrIII-Q
ChDSweet and sour cherry16SrIII-T
CWLCirsium white leaf16SrIII-U
PassWB-Br4Passion fruit witches' broom16SrIII-V


A Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'-related strain in subgroup 16SrIII-F has also been implicated as the cause of a greening disorder of Trillium grandiflorum and other Trillium species.

X-disease

X-disease was first discovered in California in 1931, where it was described as cherry buckskin. In 1933, the disease was found on peach in Connecticut, where it was called "X disease of peach" due to its unknown cause and mysterious nature. For many years, X-disease of peach was believed to be caused by a virus that was carried by insect vectors from nearby forests to peach orchards. In 1971, X-disease was found to be associated with mycoplasma-like organisms.
X-disease is an infectious disease of stone fruits. The disease is caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni, a strain of phytoplasma belonging to 16Sr group III, the X-disease group of phytoplasmas.

Hosts

Historically, X-disease has been a major limiting factor in peach production in the United States. In addition to peach, other species of the genus Prunus are susceptible to infection by the X-disease pathogen, including Prunus americana, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus besseyi, Prunus cerasus, Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus japonica, Prunus munsoniana, Prunus persica var. nectarina, Prunus salicina, and Prunus virginiana.

Vectors

X-disease is transmitted by various species of leafhoppers in family Cicadellidae, including Colladonas clitellarius, C. montanus, C. geminatus, Euscelidius variegatus, Fieberiella florii, Graphocephala confluens, Gyponana lamina, Keonella confluens, Norvellina seminuda, Osbornellus borealis, Paraphlepsius irroratus, and Scaphytopius delongi.

Distribution

X-disease is present in North America and South America. It is localized in Canada and widespread in the United States. The disease may also be present in Asia, Europe, and additional U.S. states.