Vostok (rocket family)

Vostok was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite and the first crewed spacecraft in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.
On March 18, 1980, a Vostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad at Plesetsk during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similarbut avoidedaccident revealed that the substitution of lead-based for tin-based solder in hydrogen peroxide filters allowed the breakdown of the H₂O₂, thus causing the resultant explosion.

Variants

The major versions of the rocket were:

Luna 8K72 – used to launch the early Luna spacecraft
Vostok-L 8K72 – Variant of the Luna, used to launch prototype Vostok spacecraft
Vostok-K 8K72K – a refined version of the above. This was the version actually used for human spaceflight
Vostok-2 8A92 – used for launching Zenit reconnaissance satellites throughout the 1960s
Vostok-2M 8A92M – modified version for launching Meteor weather satellites into higher orbits.
Soyuz/Vostok 11A110 – hybrid of Soyuz and Vostok rockets used as an interim for two launches
Vostok 8K72K

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