Vinhedo

Vinhedo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population in 2020 was 80,111 and its area is. It has a population density of 981 inhabitants per square kilometer. The elevation is. Vinhedo is 96% urbanized and It was founded in 1949.
Vinhedo is ranked 13th of the 5,565 municipalities in the 2010 Brazilian Municipal Development Index, and 6th among the municipalities in the state of São Paulo. It had a per capita income of $638.17 in 2010 and an extreme poverty rate of 0.13%. The municipality has made significant progress in the implementation of the digital city concept (11th in the state of São Paulo, which is defined as the level of digital infrastructure and services available to residents.

History

The region of the São Paulo plateau was inhabited by several indigenous groups, some from the coast, who sought refuge from the wars and slavery of the Iberian settlers. Others, such as Tupi-Guaranys and Jés, had lived in the region since before colonization.
With the arrival of Europeans to the South American continent, the region was crossed by the "Bandeiras", who occupied lands considered unexplored and hunted Indians for slave labor, as well as looking for natural resources like noble woods, gold and precious stones, during century XVII. For this, the indigenous tribes were decimated or expelled from the region. African slaves were introduced to forcefully aid the Flags or to work on the newly created subsistence crops that were forming on the way to Goyaz.
At the end of the 19th century coffee farms settled in the northern region of Jundiaí county - many of them taking advantage of former farms that had been producing sugar and brandy since the 18th century. All the work was done by black slaves. White laborers, mainly European immigrants sponsored by the government and by farmers, occupied the slots left by the slaves after the abolition.
Intense commerce between the coffee-growing region and the capital of São Paulo moved troops of mules by the Old Road of Campinas. Departing from São Paulo towards the interior of Brazil, great cities were created every 50 kilometers, and between one and another, sometimes, a temporary stopping point.
Between Jundiaí and Campinas, a landing of tropeiros was created naturally in the middle of 1620 and, for usufruct of these, a small subsistence plantation, a "rocinha". One of the first properties installed in the place would later become the well known Waterfall Farm, which would eventually transform a senzala in Quilombo decades after slavery.
Located in the valley between Fazenda Cachoeira and Estrada Velha de Campinas, already popularly called Estrada da Boiada, Rocinha became, from 1840, a small village where black slaves cultivated coffee, which soon would be sold to cities and later, the capital of São Paulo. With the abolition, the former black slaves were released and, without educational instruction or labor opportunities, migrated to Minas Gerais and the capital of São Paulo. Few remained in the small town whose population constituted Portuguese, Spanish, German, French, Arab, American and mainly Italian immigrants. Rocinha passed to the condition of Vila and District of Peace belonging to Jundiaí on October 31, 1908, by law promulgated by the then President of the State of São Paulo, Dr. Albuquerque Lins.
At this time, with the arrival of more Italian immigrants to supply the lack of manpower, viticulture was introduced in the then town of Rocinha as the primary agricultural product, since the price of the coffee of the region suffered a sensible decrease with the expansion of the production in the cities of the center-west of the state of São Paulo and the construction of the Companhia Mogiana railroad, which made easy connection between the north of the state and the port of Santos, rendering obsolete coffee production of in Rocinha.
The viticulture became the basis of the local economy. Throughout the district are spread the grape plantations for the production of wines, vinegars, and sweets. Rocinha then became known not only as a "stopping" post and signaled the rise of the town as a regional economic and political player.
In 1916 the owner of a farm on the Estrada da Boiada, about two kilometers from the railroad, hired a worker to enlarge a well for capturing or reserving water, approximately 25 meters deep.
During the work, an internal collapse partially buried the worker, who was trapped at the bottom of the building. For five days rescue was attempted, using all means available at the time. The rescue was widely reported at the time. The man did not survive, but the event help familiarize the name of the village.
In the 1920s the first industries began to arrive in the district, as an alternative to the high operating costs in the municipalities of Jundiaí and Campinas. The district no longer had aspects of a simple village, and a movement began to formalize the separation of the town from surrounding population centers.
In 1948, a plebiscite formalized the town of Rocinha and its detachment of the administration of Jundiaí. On April 2, 1949, Rocinha became a municipality, with names such as Parreiral, Videiral, Vines, Vinhalândia and the chosen one, Vinhedo being suggested for the new city. Its inhabitants are called Vinhedenses.
From 1950 onwards, the Festivity of the Grape of Vinhedo began, on the initiative of Favorino Carlos Marrone, the parish priest of the Sant'Ana Parish, in the region that today comprises the center of the municipality.
On August 9, 2024, Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283 crashed in Vinhedo. All 62 people aboard perished.

Geography

Vinhedo is the 101st municipality with the highest population, from the most populous state of Brazil, São Paulo, at latitude 23 ° 1'48 "south and longitude 46 ° 58'30" W. The total area of the municipality is 81,742 km², according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, being the 5289th largest in territorial extension of the Brazil, and 603th largest in extension of the state of São Paulo. Of the entire area of the municipality, 968,3248 km² are of urban areas.
Vinhedo has an average altitude of 720 meters. The culminating point of the municipality is the Christ the Redeemer, being replica of Christ the Redeemer with 720 meters of altitude above the level of the sea, located in Rodovia Edenor João Taca, in the Observatory of Vineyard, where there is also the Monastery of Saint Benedict.

Metropolitan region

The process of conurbation under the region has been building a metropolis whose center is in the city of Campinas, having several municipalities, such as Sumaré, Indaiatuba, Hortolândia, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Valinhos, Itatiba and Paulínia, as well as Vinhedo. The Metropolitan Region of Campinas was created by state law 870, dated June 19, 2000, and currently is by 19 municipalities, being a ninth largest urban agglomeration in Brazil, with 2,798,477 inhabitants. It is one of the most important in the Brazilian Brazilian world and accounts for 2.7% of the national gross domestic product and 7.83% of the gross domestic product of São Paulo, or about 77.7 billion reais per year.
Under the sign of "Expanded Metropolitan Complex", which exceeds 29 million inhabitants, approximately 75 percent of the population of the entire state of São Paulo. The metropolitan regions of Campinas and São Paulo have already formed a megalopolis of the southern hemisphere, totaling 65 municipalities that house more than 12% of the Brazilian population.

Adjacent municipalities and metropolitan region

Vinhedo limits with the municipalities of Itupeva, Itatiba, Valinhos, Louveira and Jundiaí.

Ecology and environment

Most of the original vegetation that it had in the city, the Atlantic Forest, was devastated. Like other 13 municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, the municipality suffers severe environmental stress. Vinhedo, together with Campinas and Artur Nogueira, is considered one of the areas most subject to floods and silting and accounts for less than 5% of vegetal cover.
To try to reverse this picture, several projects have been and are being carried out and planned, such as the construction of ecological corridors. There are also several environmental projects to combat the destruction of riparian forests located on the banks of the Cachoeira, Capivari and Pinheirinho rivers, which have a high pollution index of their waters. Presently, it is important to preserve the Jayme Ferragut Municipal Park in Vinhedo. The park has an area of 877 m², being one of the main parks of the RMC.
In the vinhedense original flora, there is a predominance of trees such as the pink jequitibá, the pink peroba and the jatobá, which reach 25 meters in height. There is an arboreal stratum of 15 to 18 meters high, composed of several species such as the white jequitibá, the cedar-rose, the ivory and the fig trees.
Fauna include the great-toed woodworm, the rendeira and the tangara ; howler monkeys and prey monkeys ; the white ear possum, the black-ear possum, the thick-tailed opossum and the quartz ;, the cingling, the hedgehog, myocastor coypus, the capybara, prea and teiú. There is also the wild dog, the mallard, the hand-peeled, the feron, the jararaca and the poppy.

Climate

The climate of Vinhedo is considered tropical at altitude, in the climatic classification of Köppen-Geiger, according to the Center of Meteorological and Climatic Applied to Agriculture of the State University of Campinas. With decreases of rains in winter and average annual temperature of 18,0 °C, having dry and mild winters and rainy summers with moderately high temperatures. The warmest month, January, has an average temperature of 21.6 °C, and the coldest, July, of 15.2 °C. Autumn and spring are transition seasons. The average rainfall is approximately 1,404 millimeters annually, concentrated between October and March, with January being the month of greatest precipitation. The precipitations occur mainly in the form of rain and, sometimes of hail, being able to be of intense intensity and still accompanied by rays and thunderstorms. The air humidity is relatively high, with monthly averages between 60% and 80%, with an annual average of 71%, and may be below 30%, mainly in the afternoon, during the winter, which contributes to the increase of burned in hills and bushes, mainly in the rural area, as well as for deforestation and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, further damaging air quality.
According to the records of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas, the year with the lowest rainfall was 1944, with 836.5 mm. Other years with precipitations below 1 000 mm were 1924, 1978, 1921 and 1968, while the year with the highest precipitation was 1983, with 2 112 mm, due to an intense activity of the El Niño meteorological phenomenon. Between 1890 and 2004 there were 41 records of frosts, one of the most recent being on July 18, 2000, when the minimum temperature reached 2.2 °C. Occasionally there are also episodes of strong wind, with gusts above 100 km/h, and there were records of tornado formation in the municipality on May 4, 2001, and March 9, 2008.
According to data from the National Institute of Meteorology, for the period from 1961 to 1967 and 1971 to 1981 the lowest temperature recorded in Vinhedo was 0.6 °C in August 1965 and July 18, 1975, and highest reached 37.7 °C on September 21, 1961. The largest accumulated precipitation in 24 hours was 106.1 mm on October 22, 1963. The lowest air humidity was 15%, on September 9, 1963.