Viña del Mar


Viña del Mar is a city and commune on central Chile's Pacific coast. Often referred to as La Ciudad Jardín, the city is located on the central coast, on the basins of the Reñaca and Marga Marga streams and along the shores of Valparaíso Bay.
It was founded under its current name on December 28, 1874, by the Chilean politician and writer José Francisco Vergara, who, together with his wife Mercedes Alvares, inherited the lands where the city is now located. To this end, he decided to hire a group of engineers who laid out the street plans and formed an urban nucleus.
With a population of 334,871 inhabitants according to the 2024 census, it is the most populous municipality in the region and fourth-largest city in Chile. Furthermore, together with the communes of Valparaíso, Concón, Quilpué, and Villa Alemana, it forms the Greater Valparaíso metropolitan area, and it is also a twin city of Valparaíso, as it is completely conurbated with it.
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Toponymy

Viticulture, an activity facilitated by the soils and climate of central Chile, began in the Marga Marga stream basin when its lands were acquired by Alonso de Riberos in 1580, who planted the first vineyards. Located opposite the path that connected the port of Valparaíso with the Quillota Valley, they came to be known as the Viña de Riberos or Viña de la Mar, a name that first came to encompass the basin, then the settlement established along the banks of the Marga Marga, and later the city itself. The winemaking activity in the area lasted until 1827, when the old vineyards were destroyed by a severe storm of wind and rain.

History

Origins

The valley where Viña del Mar was founded was known as the valley of Peuco by the Changos, native inhabitants of the area dedicated to fishing. With the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores the valley was divided into two large haciendas. North of the Marga Marga creek up to the current location of Reñaca, Viña del Mar, and to the south up to the current Cerro Barón, the Hacienda Las Siete Hermanas.
Francisco Javier Alvares authorized the construction of a railroad through his lands to join Santiago and the port of Valparaíso. The arrival of the railroad brought a young engineer Jose Francisco Vergara who married Francisco Javier Alvares's granddaughter, Mercedes Alvares. It was José Francisco Vergara who instigated the idea of the creation of a new city independent of Valparaíso.

Arrival of the railroad and founding

The establishment of Refinadora de Azúcar de Viña del Mar, CRAV in 1873 and the foundation of the Lever, Murphy & Co. by the British Richard Lever and William Murphy in 1883, that gave the necessary economic impulse to transform the young city into one of the most important cities of Chile. The building of a military installation, Regimiento Coraceros in 1917, naval facilities in Las Salinas, and the housing of military and naval personnel furthered the city's growth. That year, also, a seaside villa was rebuilt as what is known today as Wulff Castle.
In 1925, the Teatro Municipal was opened in its current location in the eastern front of the city's downtown square, Plaza de Viña del Mar. In 1928 president Carlos Ibáñez del Campo authorized the creation of a casino, securing the future and the touristy character of the city. The Casino Municipal de Viña del Mar was opened on 31 December 1930. On 31 January 1931 the Presidential Palace was inaugurated in Cerro Castillo (Castle Hill) as a summer residence for the Chilean President. The touristy character of the city was furthered with the inauguration of the O'Higgins Hotel in 1936 and the inauguration of the Miramar Hotel by Caleta Abarca Beach in 1945. For a few years in the early 1960s, a trolleybus line connected the city with Valparaíso, and the electric route network included three branches within Viña.
Viña del Mar was one of the four host cities of the [1962 FIFA World Cup|1962 football (soccer) World Cup]. It is now home to CD Everton, a soccer team in the Chilean Premier division, which took its name from the English team.
According to the 1982 movie, Missing and other sources, Viña del Mar was focal point for the plotters of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.
Viña del Mar was declared a sister city of Sausalito, California, in 1971. To demonstrate the sister city relationship, you can find a square called "Viña del Mar" in downtown Sausalito, and a "Sausalito" stadium and "Sausalito" lagoon in Viña del Mar. Viña del Mar is also a sister city of Mar del Plata, Argentina since 1993.
During the 1980s, a global economic downturn seriously affected the city, a number of small and medium-sized factories went bankrupt, including the stationery manufacturer Coda, and most importantly, CRAV, and Textiles Viña, two of the biggest employers in the city. Unemployment rose to alarmingly high rates. Many factories started to consolidate their operations in Santiago making the situation even worse. The city has failed to fully recover from the blows inflicted by the economic downturn of 1982, but an increase in the number of international tourists visiting the city, and the recent high prices of copper in world markets have promoted an economic recovery.
Extensive commercial redevelopment in the 15 Norte Avenue area, previously an abandoned industrial area, has seen most of the large Chilean retail chains settling in the area, which is now covered with large shopping malls, like Marina Arauco, cinemas, fast food stores, and supermarkets.
The city has benefitted from major investments in infrastructure that have greatly improved the traffic flow in the downtown area, especially in routes connecting Viña del Mar with Santiago, Valparaíso and Quilpué. A modern and efficient subway Valparaíso Metro connects Viña del Mar with the cities of Limache and Valparaíso, following the original railroad tracks between Valparaíso and Santiago.
The city was affected by the 27 February 2010 earthquake.

City landmarks

Visitors and locals enjoy the parks and water fountains of the city, including a large flower clock with its numbers made up of flowering plants, near Caleta Abarca beach. The Valparaiso Sporting Club horse racing track is another major landmark. Jardín Botánico or Parque del Salitre, a large botanical garden on the outskirts of the city, was originally designed and built by an entrepreneur who became wealthy from exploiting saltpeter resources in northern Chile.
A few buildings from the 19th century still remain after multiple earthquakes that have destroyed most of the old areas of the city. Most of the older buildings that remain are located along Avenida Libertad, Quillota Street and Quinta Vergara, a large park in the middle of the city. The presidential summer residence, Palacio Presidencial is located on Cerro Castillo.
The city's casino was designed in art deco style and is surrounded by well-tended gardens. In 2004, a hotel was added to the 1931s building, resembling the architectural features of the original building.
Palacio Rioja, a mansion built by Fernando Rioja in 1907, located on Quillota Street, houses an environmental museum. The Fonck Museum, located in Cuatro Norte Street, has a large exhibition of pre-Columbian articles, and a large moai, the only one in mainland Chile, is also on display. Palacio Carrasco, built by Emilio Carrasco in 1912, now houses the Municipal Library and also is used for arts exhibitions. The building is also surrounded by nice gardens adorned with fine sculptures including a Rodin. Palacio Vergara located in Quinta Vergara was built by Blanca Vergara in 1906 and it is now owned by the municipality. It currently houses the School of Fine Arts and has produced important Chilean artists like the painter Giancarlo Bertini.
Brunet Castle was built in 1923 by Adolfo Brunet on Cerro Castillo, close to the presidential mansion. Currently it is owned by Carabineros de Chile and is used as a reception center for important visitors. It was declared a national monument in 2005.
Palacio Carrasco and its surrounding park, located on Liberty Avenue #250, between 3 and 4 Norte, was completed in 1923. For years it was a private residence until it moved to the Municipality of Viña del Mar. After moving it to its current location in Arlegui street, the Palacio Carrasco became a Library Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, public library of the commune, while working as center for events, art exhibitions, and cultural workshops. It is very important to stress that the building is totally unsuitable for use as a public library and the community needs a new building for this purpose. Outside the entrance to the Palacio Carrasco there is a sculpture by Auguste Rodin called "La Defensa." It was declared a national historic monument on 8 September 1986 under Supreme Decree No. 791.
Castillo Wulff, is an iconic building of the commune of neo-Tudor style, built in 1906. Strategically located in the coastal border between the mouth of Marga Marga and Caleta Abarca. It was built by Don Gustavo Wulff Mowle a businessman and philanthropist of Valparaíso. The building was designed in two floors connected to a torreón through a medieval-style bridge. In 1995 it was declared a national monument, but today houses the offices of the headquarters of the Heritage Unit of the Municipality of Viña del Mar. It is also the location of the distinguished Castillo del Mar.

Geography

Viña del Mar is located on the central coast of mainland Chile at coordinates 33°02′ south latitude and 71°32′ west longitude. Its municipal territory covers an area of 122 km², and its urban area is conurbated with Greater Valparaíso, having continuity with Concón to the north, Quilpué to the east, and Valparaíso to the south.

'''Geomorphology'''

Viña del Mar lies in an area characterized by topographic forms that indicate a regressive coastline. Within its administrative boundaries, three different geological units can be distinguished: the coastal plain, the terraced levels, and the hills of the Coastal Range to the east.
The coastal plain is located at the end of the Marga Marga stream valley and corresponds to a terrace formed by marine–fluvial sediments on which the so-called city plan is established, with average elevations between 6 and 9 meters above sea level. This area is bounded by hills of varying altitudes that correspond to the coastal terraces.
To the north and south of the coastal plain are marine or abrasion terraces, over which the city also extends. These areas have a slightly flat surface with gently undulating hills, dissected by deep ravines and zones of erosion. The terraced levels on both sides of the Marga Marga present different elevations: to the northeast of the watercourse, an extensive terrace predominates at elevations between 200 and 250 meters above sea level, while on the southern side altitudes can reach up to 400 meters above sea level.

Climate

Viña del Mar has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate influenced on the coast by the Humboldt Current. As in any Mediterranean climate, the city experiences a dry, warm summer but temperatures rarely exceed due to the influence of the maritime current offshore. Summer nights are cool with temperatures around. Winters are damp and cool with daily high temperatures ranging from and from at night, rarely falling below freezing. Spring and autumn can vary from mild to cool. The rain falls mainly in autumn and winter, with July being the rainiest. The average annual rainfall totals 480 mm.

Culture

Numerous bars and restaurants have recently opened in the area around Plaza México and Avenida San Martín, offering Chilean and international cuisine. Seafood restaurants are located on the Camino Costero that joins Viña del Mar and Concón, a coastal town to the north.
The Yacht Club de Chile is a yacht club located in Caleta Higuerillas. This club was established in Viña del Mar in 1955, though it is now part of the Concón municipality.
The VTR Open was a professional men's tennis tournament played yearly on outdoor red clay courts at the Club Naval de Campo Las Salinas.
The Viña del Mar International Film Festival is considered among the most important film festivals in Chile and Latin America.
Another important event is the Viña del Mar International Song Festival, held at the amphitheater located in the Quinta Vergara, one of the largest green areas of the city. The amphitheater of the Quinta Vergara was built in the 1960s.
There is also the Palacio Vergara, home to Viña's fine arts museum.
The Municipal Theatre of Viña del Mar, located in front of Plaza de Viña, is a center of cultural and artistic events of first importance in Chile. In the neighboring block is also the traditional and elegant Club de Viña, with its classical facade.
The Museum of Naval Canons is an outdoor museum, located on the road Jorge Montt, whose beach exhibits several pieces of artillery in front of the facilities of the Chilean Navy.
The Fonk Museum founded in 1937, is a varied and complete museum that shows objects from native villages from cultures such as Rapanui, atacameños, Diaguitas and Mapuches, in addition to a wide collection of Peruvian pre-Columbian jars. In the area of natural sciences there is a sample of arthropods and animals of different zones of the country.

Demographics

According to the 2024 census of the National Statistics Institute, Viña del Mar had 334,871 inhabitants, making the commune an entirely urban area. The population grew by 0.19% between the 2017 and 2024 censuses. Viña del Mar accounts for 17.65% of the regional population.

Population distribution

The territorial configuration of Viña del Mar’s urban area is characterized by the presence of a zone known as the plan, which corresponds to the coastal plain of the Marga Marga stream. This area contains the oldest sector of the city and concentrates the vast majority of services and commercial activities, as well as a residential sector for higher-income groups. The residential area where more than 80% of the population lives is located in the territories situated on the hills surrounding the plan, which are home to middle and lower-middle social strata, with the exception of the neighborhoods of Recreo and Reñaca, where middle- and upper-income socioeconomic groups predominate.

Notable residents

The city is the birthplace of Mon Laferte, singer, songwriter, painter and visual artist, Alberto Hurtado, the second Chilean Catholic saint and founder of the Hogar de Cristo foundation, writer María Luisa Bombal, former Chilean president Patricio Aylwin, Environment minister María Ignacia Benítez, handball player Marco Oneto, Olympic champion tennis player Nicolás Massú, world champion boxer Patricia Demick, Slayer vocalist/bassist Tom Araya, composer Sylvia Soublette, and the sculptor and performance artist Tamara Jacquin.
It was also the home of Philips CEO and wealthy businessman Cor Dillen, as well as Australian fashion model, actress and television presenter Pia Miller. Footballer, George Robledo of Newcastle United and Colo-Colo, was a long-term resident of the town.

Administration

The local administration of the commune resides in the municipality, an autonomous public-law corporation with legal personality and its own assets, composed of a mayor and a municipal council, who are elected every four years by universal suffrage. According to the provisions of the Organic Constitutional Law of Municipalities, which establishes the number of councilors to be elected based on the number of voters in the commune, the municipal council of Viña del Mar is made up of 10 councilors.
As a municipality, Viña del Mar is a third-level administrative division of Chile governed by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is elected every four years. Broad Front politician Macarena Ripamonti has been the mayor of Viña del Mar since 2021, while the communal council for the 2024–2028 term has the following members:
  • Antonella Pecchenino Lobos
  • Andrés Solar Miranda
  • Francisco Mejías Díaz
  • José Tomás Bartolucci Schiappacasse
  • Antonia Scarella Chamy
  • Carlos Williams Arriola
  • Nancy Díaz Soto
  • Alejandro Aguilera Moya
  • Nicolás López Pimentel
  • Sandro Puebla Veas

Parliamentary representation

At the parliamentary level, Viña del Mar belongs to Electoral District No. 7 and the Sixth Senatorial Constituency. It is represented in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress by Deputies Tomás Lagomarsino, Tomás De Rementería Venegas, Camila Rojas, Jorge Brito, Luis Cuello, Andrés Celis, Hotuiti Teao, and Luis Sánchez for the 2022–2026 term. It is also represented in the Senate of Chile by Senators Francisco Chahuán, Kenneth Pugh, Ricardo Lagos Weber, Isabel Allende, and Juan Ignacio Latorre.

Economy

Viña del Mar, along with the rest of the coastal municipalities of Greater Valparaíso, is part of the tourist area of the country, which has resulted in large dividends paid by this industry each year to the community. Viña del Mar has a wide range of hotels and has upgraded its infrastructure to improve its tourist appeal.
An important place is the Casino de Viña del Mar, which opened in 1930 and for years was one of the few casinos in Chile. The casino also houses the Hotel del Mar. With the introduction of the Gambling Casinos Act, which resulted in increased competition, viñamarino enclosure has suffered great economic losses, thus affecting the municipal coffers.
The industrial district of Viña del Mar is called El Salto. It is located in the place where the Estero Marga Marga Delta begins to appear. They give access to the metro and the South Trunk Highway.
Viña del Mar has the largest number of businesses in the city of Valparaíso, which, along with other areas of Santiago, is becoming a favorite for business to establish investment locations. Forbes also considered one of the most exclusive resorts in Latin America, the level of Punta del Este in Uruguay, Pucón in southern Chile and Mar del Plata in Argentina.
Currently performed one of the most important events in Hispanic America haute couture, together with those of Buenos Aires, Santiago, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro.

Infrastructure

Health

Viña del Mar has the Dr. Gustavo Fricke Hospital, the Viña del Mar Clinical Hospital, the Almirante Nef Naval Hospital, and the Ciudad del Mar Clinic.

Education

Several higher education institutions, both public and private, are located in Viña del Mar. Some of them are:
The Chilean Navy also operates several technical schools and a planetarium in Las Salinas at the northwest edge of the city.
International schools in Viña del Mar:

Security and public order

Within the commune, the Chilean Navy maintains the Naval War College, the Naval Polytechnic Academy, the Naval Health School, the Almirante Nef Naval Hospital, and the Naval Cannons Museum.

International relations

The city of Viña del Mar is home to a number of international relations institutions, such as the Department of Migration and International Police of the Investigations Police of Chile, the Office of International Relations, and the Migrant Office of the Municipality of Viña del Mar.

Internationalization in higher education

In terms of international relations and higher education, the main actors in Viña del Mar are the Directorate of International Cooperation of the Viña del Mar University, the Confucius Institute of the Santo Tomás University, and the Coordination of International Relations of the Viña del Mar campus of Andrés Bello University.

Consulates

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Transport

The route used to get from Santiago to Vina del Mar is the Route CH-68 or Pacific Highway, which connects the capital to the city of Valparaíso.
The main routes connecting the city with other municipalities of Gran Valparaíso are:
  • Avenida España, which connects Valparaíso with Viña.
  • The Troncal and Troncal Norte Roads, link Viña with Quilpué and Villa Alemana.
  • The Borgoño and Edmundo Eluchans avenues linking Reñaca Viña and Concon with the commune.
  • The Way International and Southern Trunk Highway, allowing quick connection to and from the towns of the interior.
The busiest avenues of Viña del Mar, and virtually the entire Gran Valparaíso, are the main arteries in the community plan and the Población Vergara: Avenida San Martín, Avenida Libertad Quillota street, Viana-Alvares Avenue, Avenida 1 Norte, Avenida Benidorm, Avenida Agua Santa, Avenida La Marina, Avenida Borgoño and Av. Jorge Montt. This because they absorb all the traffic of workers and students moving from other municipalities to their work and study sites located in the plan from Valparaíso.

Public transport

As of 6 January 2007 has been implemented Metropolitan Transportation Plan Greater Valparaíso which allows the communes of Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Concon, Quilpué and Villa Alemana have an organized transportation system, which has the preferably provide order, security to users. And over all, speed of travel, for which the same routes of the previous system are made, but in an orderly manner, through the implementation of a GPS system, enabling the companies concerned to each business unit overseeing the entire course, speed and low frequency.
The Valparaíso Metro is the commuter rail system serving the urban conglomeration of Gran Valparaíso; it consists of one line, long, serving 20 stations, that connects Viña del Mar with the neighboring cities of Valparaíso, Quilpué, Villa Alemana and Limache. It passes through Viña del Mar in a underground stretch opened in 2005, after major upgrade works on the line.

Sports

The development of sports in the city began with the founding of Valparaiso Sporting Club, also known as Sporting, in 1882. The club hosts multiple sports, but since its inception, it has mostly identified with horseback riding. Since 1885, Sporting has hosted the horse race known as The Derby, one of the most classic races of Chilean equestrianism, being part of the national Triple Crown. Its facilities have also hosted clubs of cricket, soccer, golf, tennis – and if we include the nearby Viña del Mar Lawn Tennis Club, rugby, paper chase, and polo. Valparaiso Sporting Club also held the first international football match played in Chile, in which the country's national team faced their Argentinean counterpart. Sporting also was the only venue for the South American Championship in 1920.
Each summer, The Mackay School hosts two Rugby sevens tournaments, one for youth and one for adults, with participating teams coming from Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay.
Everton de Viña del Mar represents the city in football tournaments at the national level. The club was founded in 1909 on Alegre Hill in Valparaíso, and later moved to Viña del Mar in the 1940s. Everton owns 4 First Division national titles and plays home games at Sausalito Stadium, which hosted 1962 FIFA World Cup, Copa America 1991, and Copa America 2015 matches. The first team created in the city independent of the clubs of Valparaiso was the Sporting Club de Viña which is said to have played and tied the first international soccer match in Chile.

International relations

Viña del Mar cooperates with: