V. apicalis apicalis is commonly found in the hill streams of Western Ghats. Two more subspecies are recognised; V. a. nigrescens Fraser 1929 from Sri Lanka and V. a. submontana Fraser 1934 from India. Records of V. a. submontana are from the Nilgiri Hills and Eastern Ghats. V. a. nigrescens is confined to Sri Lanka, where it appears to be quite widely distributed. V. a. submontana is now considered as a separate speciesVestalis submontana.