Vehicle registration plates of Australia

Australian vehicle registration plates, or number plates, and license plates are issued by state, territory, and Commonwealth governments, and the armed forces of Australia. The plates are associated with a vehicle and are generally intended to last during the time that the vehicle remains registered in the state, though as they become unreadable they may be remade with a like for like replacement. Motor vehicle registration in Australia can be renewed monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annually depending on the state or territory where the vehicle is registered.

Current standard issue plates

Motorcycles

On all other motorcycle plates, the legend is embossed on top of the state or territory.

History and Federal numbering scheme

Standards and federal allocations for all vehicles

From 1910 onwards, vehicle registration plates for each state started at number 1 and were manufactured in enamel.
Starting in 1936, it was decided that Australian plates were to be uniform in size and embossed using standard Australian dies, beginning with New South Wales, the Federal Capital Territory and Victoria. By 1956, the other states and territories had moved to standard Australian embossing using painted or enamelled metal, with dimensions of ×. The embossed Australian dies was standardised in all states and territories in 1954.
In the early 1950s, a uniform scheme for vehicle registration plates was developed, which was to apply across all states and territories. Previously, both New South Wales and Victoria had issued plates with two letters and three digits, in white on a black background. However, that was not entirely popular, and some states and territories preferred to have their own identity reflected on their registration plates.
The following scheme was meant to be implemented Australia-wide after 1952:

State or territory	Allocated blocks	Original format colours	Years	Actual issues	Notes
Australian Capital Territory & Jervis Bay Territory	YAA-000 to YZZ-999	YAA•000	1968–1998	YAA-000 to YZZ-999	Jervis Bay Territory original allocation YZO-000 to YZO-999, exhausted in 2013.
New South Wales	AAA-000 to FZZ-999	AAA·000	1951–2004	AAA-000 to ZLF-999	ISA-000 to ISZ-999 reserved for interstate vehicles.
Northern Territory	XAA-000 to XZZ-999	100·000	1931–2011	1 to 999–999	Xaa-nnn series never taken up. The NT kept six-digit plates until 2011. 800–000 to 899–999 were reserved for government.
Queensland	NAA-000 to QZZ-999	NAA·000	1955–1977	NAA-000 to QZZ-999	Started from N then P and issued O last. Q series reserved for trailers and QGx for the state government. Qld changed to 000-NAA from July 1977.
South Australia	RAA-000 to TZZ-999	RAA•000	1967–2008	RAA-000 to XUN-299	T-Series reserved for trailers.
Tasmania	WAA-000 to WZZ-999	WAA•000	1954–1970	WAA-000 to WZZ-999	From 1970 AA•0000 replaced the previous series.
Victoria	GAA-000 to MZZ-999	GAA·000	1953–2013	AAA-000 to ZZZ-999	IAA-000 to IZZ-999 was issued last before 1977 changeover to AAA-000. Skipped over to NAA-000 when FZZ-999 reached, M series reserved for government.
Western Australia	UAA-000 to VZZ-999	UAA·000	1956–1978	UAA-000 to UZZ-999 then XAA-000 to XZZ-999	Did not take up V series. 6AA-000 replaced from 1978 onwards until 9MZ-999 in 1997.

Western Australia deemed itself too large to fit into the proposed scheme and devised its own. Plates in the Iaa-nnn series were to be skipped, because as a capital I was believed to be easily mistaken for the number 1. That allowed the two populous states, with a greater number of registered vehicles, to be allocated a series of six letters series: New South Wales had A to F, Victoria had G to H, and J to M. Three other states had a series of three letters: Queensland had N, P and Q, South Australia had R to T, Western Australia had U and V. Due to its small size, Tasmania was only given one letter, W, the Australian Capital Territory was given Y and the Northern Territory was given the letter X. The letter Z was for Commonwealth government departmental use Australia-wide, the second letter reflecting the department. The letters I and O were deemed to be too similar to 1 and 0 and weren't part of the original scheme.
The system, introduced in 1951–52, was not as popular as expected. The Northern Territory declined to participate and continued its previous all-number system. Western Australia did adopt the scheme, taking XAA-000 to XZZ-999, previously allocated to the NT. WAG-000 to WAG-999 was reserved for WA Government vehicles, later extended to XZZ-999. However, many WA rural shires chose to issue their own plates, in the WA colour scheme, with the initial letters being the shire abbreviations, followed by digits.
All the other states and territories stuck to their initial allocations, until the number of registrations became too large for each state's allocation, so state authorities allowed their registration numbers to "overflow" into series allocated to another state. In 1972, NSW extended its numbering from FZZ-999 to GAA-000, which had been originally issued to Victoria. In 1974, Victoria, having reserved the Maa-nnn series for state government vehicle registrations, extended its numbering from LZZ-999 to IAA-000, with the letter I no longer being avoided. In 1977, it began using IZZ-999 to AAA-000, the latter originally allocated to NSW. South Australia did similar, extending from SZZ-999 to UAA-000, having reserved the Taa-nnn series for trailer registrations.
All states and territories have now adopted their own series, given that the grouped allocations from the 1950s have long since run out. Various combinations of letters and numbers are now used in each state.

Federal Interstate Registration Scheme

Run years: 1 January 1987 to 1 July 2018.
Heavy vehicles, can choose to participate in FIRS scheme.
FIRS plates are WX·00AA, and are green on a reflective yellow background.
FIRS plates are issued by state authorities on behalf of the Commonwealth, and carry the format as specified by the Interstate Road Transport Regulations 1986 – Reg 21. Federal Interstate-registered vehicles are prohibited from undertaking intrastate journeys and can only be used for cross-border work.
The first character represents the state of issue:

A for Australian Capital Territory
J for Jervis Bay Territory
N for New South Wales
C for Northern Territory
Q for Queensland
S for South Australia
T for Tasmania
V for Victoria
W for Western Australia

The second character represents the type of vehicle being registered:

V for vehicle.
T for trailer.
X for extra weight, for vehicles with particular high gross vehicle or aggregate trailer masses.

The remaining characters are allocated by the issuing authorities. As most interstate transport companies are based on the East Coast, the majority of FIRS plates are registered in NSW and VIC. Some issues originate in QLD or SA, with the remaining states appearing relatively rarely.
A typical plate which might be found on a semi-trailer, registered to a company in QLD would be QT·88MW.
ALL FIRS scheme plates ceased accepting renewals on 1 July 2018 and FIRS closed on 1 July 2019, after all FIRS registration expired and plates exchanged to the new National Heavy Vehicle scheme/state based registration plates.
More details are found under the Infrastructure website of the Federal Government's

National Heavy Vehicle Registration Scheme

Starting on 1 July 2018, a new system was implemented in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. Victoria joined the scheme on 1 October 2018.
Northern Territory started using National Heavy Vehicle Plates and abolished the rego stickers effective on 1 August 2019.
Western Australia is not participating, hence WA Heavy Vehicles are on state based plates.
The format now in use are:
FB-12AA in Black on white reflection base, and blue band legend with the words NATIONAL HEAVY VEHICLE imprinted on it.
XQ-12AA is for Trucks while YQ-12AA is for Trailers. In this example the prefix denotes X for Trucks and Y for Trailers and the last prefix letter is for home states/territory:

A for Australian Capital Territory
J for Jervis Bay Territory
N, O and P for New South Wales
R for Northern Territory
Q and B for Queensland
S for South Australia
T for Tasmania
V, W and X for Victoria

It replaced the state based general series, however not mandatory and owners can request state based personalised plates if they wish to have them. It applies to new heavy vehicles or heavy vehicle requiring replacement of state based general series plates. 4.5 GVM minimum must qualify for the new plates.

Debate about registration on bicycle riders

For many years in Australia they have had a debate about should registration be also on bicycle riders.
In 2014, Randwick councillor Charles Matthews proposed to impose a $50 registration fee on bicycle riders, which would be used to help fund cycleways being built by the council. This proposal was rejected by other councillors. In 2014, the Victorian council of City of Bayside tried a same proposal.

Common features

Plates tend to bear the State or Territory name and perhaps a state motto or slogan at the top and/or bottom of the plate. Recent issues of plates also often use the state's colours and may include some imagery related to the state.

Alternative fuel vehicle identification

Under Part 10 of the Australian Light Vehicle Standards Rules 2015, vehicles powered by fuels other than petrol or diesel must always display a specific plate that is affixed to both the front and rear number plates. These labels exist to assist emergency services personnel in responding to potential hazards involving such vehicles. Generally, such labels are applied permanently to the registration plate by way of pop rivets or other mechanical fixtures.
The standards were updated in March 2019, to add standards for hydrogen and electric powered vehicles.

Alternative fuel system	Defining standard	Required number plate label
Liquid petroleum gas	Australian Light Vehicle Standards Rules 2015	The letters "LPGAS" or "LPG" atop a red background, on a plate no smaller than 25mm high and 25mm wide.
Liquid petroleum gas	AS 1425	Four pointed red diamond, with the letters "LPG".
Natural gas	AS 2739	Red circle, with the letters "CNG" or"LNG".
Hydrogen-powered vehicles	Australian Light Vehicle Standards Rules 2015	Yellow pentagon, with the letter "H" in the middle.
Electric-powered vehicles	Australian Light Vehicle Standards Rules 2015	Blue triangle with a silver border, with the letters "EV" in the middle.

LPG, LNG or CNG vehicles with more than one tank of that type are required to have one additional diamond attached to the front and back number plates.

Labelling for pre 1 January 2019 hydrogen or electric vehicles

Hydrogen or electric powered vehicles built or converted before 1 January 2019 are still subject to relevant state-based standards for their labelling. For example in Victoria, all electric-powered vehicles need to display "EV" number plate labels on both number plates. Electric-powered passenger cars and hybrid vehicles registered before 4 October 2020 were required to display a different style of label.

Commonwealth and military

Military plates were nnn-nnn with the first digit corresponding to the military district number:

1 – Australian Capital Territory
2 – New South Wales
3 – Victoria
4 – Queensland
5 – South Australia
6 – Western Australia
7 – Tasmania
8 – Northern Territory

However, new plates issued to the Army are now in this format: nn-nnnn, where the first two digits represent the year the vehicle was registered, e.g. 05-1832.
Current Australian Army registration plate format is Annnnn with this newer format beginning in 2003. The A represents "Army" with the next two digits representing the year the vehicle was first registered. For instance, a 2008 model Toyota Coaster used to transport army cadets might have the plate A08227. This format has also been adopted by the Defence Force, Navy, and Air Force with combinations Dnnnnn, Nnnnnn and Rnnnnn respectively.
The official car of Chief of the Defence Force carries plates ADF1 and official cars for the three service chiefs carry plates ARMY1, NAVY1 or RAAF1.
The Commonwealth Government of Australia used the Z prefix for its government owned vehicles up until 2000 when the Commonwealth Vehicle Registry was closed.
These plates were on a black on white background, usually marked with "C of A" at the top of the plate – an abbreviation of Commonwealth of Australia and the leading Z being red to further distinguish it from other state plates.
Issuance of Z prefixed plates used for same purposes was passed onto the states after 2000. Australian Capital Territory plates started at ZYA-000, Victoria plates started at ZED-000, Queensland plates started at ZQ-0000, New South Wales plates started at ZZZ-000, South Australia plates started at ZSA-000, Western Australia plates started at ZAA-00F and Tasmania plates started at ZTA-000. Only New South Wales and Victoria chose to use their state base colours rather than the standard black on reflective white, with the use of red embossed Z prefix.
Each of the states display their state initials as seen above the numbers instead of the old "C of A" legend.
The Northern Territory still uses the older format and same "C of A" legend at top of the plate.
The registration plate of the Prime Ministerial Limousine was C*1 with a seven-pointed Commonwealth Star. This was updated on 11 November 2015, showing C 1. Other Commonwealth fleet cars for official transport carry "C of A" plates in the form C-nnn.
The Governor-General's official cars do not carry registration plates, but simply depict a representation of the St Edward's Crown. They tend to also have a flag mounted on the official car. Similar plates were used for vehicles carrying Queen Elizabeth II when visiting Australia.
Cars owned by the government have special number plates, some also have a crown and symbols.
For official visits to Australia, special plates are often put over the top of normal "Z" plates, depicting the Australian Coat of Arms and, in red "Visit to Australia" with a numeral. These are not strictly registration plates, but are useful for police and other officials to identify cars in official motorcades.

Diplomatic

Diplomatic plates are issued to foreign diplomats by the Government of the Australian Capital Territory. They would formerly grant diplomatic immunity to the vehicle and driver from all traffic laws, speed limits, parking infringements and tolls in all reasonable course of duty by a diplomatic officer, in compliance with international treaty, but this is no longer the case. They follow the format of "DC nnnn", "DCnnnnn", "DX nnnn" or "DXnnnnn", where the first two or three numbers are the code for the home country of the diplomat, and have black text on a powder blue background. DC plates are issued to members of the diplomatic corps, whereas DX plates are issued to persons who are attached to diplomatic missions but are not themselves diplomats, e.g. household staff.
Older issues have no territory identifier, however newer plates have "ACT" embossed at the top centre of the plate. Newer plates are also written as "DC" and "DX", rather than "D.C." and "D.X." to allow for the inclusion of a greater number of characters in the sequence. A substantial number of older-style plates are still in use, however.
The first two or three numbers appearing in the plate correspond to a specific country, for example 69 is issued to the United Kingdom. The following two digits are typically issued with lower numbers to higher-ranking officials, usually 01 being issued to the ambassador from that country. So DC 6901 would be found on the vehicle of the British High Commissioner to Australia.
The number issued to each country has no particular relevance, and was allocated by ballot. Countries with many vehicles are allocated two numbers. Before the blue D.C. plates were introduced, diplomatic cars in Canberra carried plates which had white letters on red.
The numbers then correlated to the length of time the particular diplomatic mission had been in Canberra and the British High Commissioner's car carried the plate D.C.1 The replacement arrangement is more egalitarian.
State registration authorities issue CC plates to consular representatives in their relevant state capital.
The ACT Government issues similar plates to representatives of international organisations in the Territory. These plates are also coloured black on powder blue, and follow a format of IO nnnn.

Registration labels abolition

All other states have abolished registration labels for light and heavy vehicles:

Western Australia – 1 January 2010, beginning with light vehicles is the first to be abolished and in Northern Territory is the last to be abolished from 1 August 2019 for Heavy Vehicles.